Psychometric Evaluation of the Persian Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) Among Nursing and Midwifery Students in Clinical Education Settings

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AuthorAzita Salajeghehen
AuthorMohammad Reza Mohammadi Soliemanien
AuthorMaryam Mohseni Khalil Abadeen
AuthorShahrzad Sanjarien
OrcidAzita Salajegheh [0000-0002-2346-6984]en
OrcidMohammad Reza Mohammadi Soliemani [0000-0002-1496-2126]en
OrcidMaryam Mohseni Khalil Abade [0000-0002-3527-1439]en
OrcidShahrzad Sanjari [0000-0002-8773-5637]en
Issued Date2026-12-31en
AbstractBackground: Excessive smartphone use has emerged as a behavioral problem associated with psychological, social, and functional difficulties. Nursing and midwifery students may be particularly vulnerable because clinical education requires sustained attention, professional conduct, and accurate decision-making. The term “Smartphone Use Disorder” has been proposed in the literature to describe problematic and uncontrolled smartphone use. Accordingly, the terms “Smartphone Use Disorder” and “Smartphone Addiction” are used interchangeably in this manuscript without implying that either term represents a formally established psychiatric diagnosis. Objectives: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). Methods: This psychometric study included 867 nursing and midwifery students enrolled in clinical education at teaching hospitals affiliated with universities in Kerman Province, Iran, in 2025. Participants were recruited through multistage cluster sampling. Following forward–backward translation, content validity was evaluated using the content validity ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI). Concurrent validity was examined using the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS), while construct validity was assessed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha, split-half reliability, and two-week test–retest reliability. Results: Of the participants, 61.4% were female, 46.6% were aged 20 - 25 years, and 70.8% were nursing students. Content validity was satisfactory (content validity ratio [CVR] = 0.80 - 1.00; content validity index [CVI] = 0.80 - 0.97). Concurrent validity was supported by a strong positive correlation between scores on the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) and Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) (r = 0.73, 95% CI, 0.61 - 0.81, P < 0.01). Exploratory factor analysis identified six factors that explained 59.265% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the six-factor model (root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.037, comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.987, non-normed fit index [NNFI] = 0.986, standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] = 0.037). Internal consistency was high for the total scale (α = 0.929) and subscales (α = 0.843 - 0.925). The Spearman–Brown and Guttman split-half coefficients were 0.764 and 0.762, respectively, and two-week test–retest reliability was strong (r = 0.89, P < 0.01). Conclusions: The Persian Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) demonstrated satisfactory validity, internal consistency, and temporal stability among nursing and midwifery students receiving clinical education. The instrument may be useful as a multidimensional measure of problematic smartphone use in this population.en
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5812/jnms-167444en
URIhttps://brieflands.com/journals/jnms/articles/167444en
KeywordSmartphoneen
KeywordSmartphone Addictionen
KeywordPsychometricsen
KeywordNursing Studentsen
KeywordMidwiferyen
PublisherBrieflandsen
TitlePsychometric Evaluation of the Persian Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) Among Nursing and Midwifery Students in Clinical Education Settingsen
TypeResearch Articleen

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