Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Containing Pomegranate Essential Oil and Grape Seed Oil Using Hot Homogenization and Ultrasound

Abstract

Background: Pomegranate essential oil exhibits antioxidant activity that can neutralize free radicals in the body. Anti-aging herbal compounds may also stimulate keratinocytes (skin cells), promote cellular regeneration, and thereby reduce wrinkles. Formulating this natural substance in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) may enhance efficacy, minimize potential side effects, and enable controlled drug release. Objectives: This study aimed to prepare NLCs containing pomegranate essential oil and to evaluate their physicochemical properties. Grape seed oil was also incorporated into the formulation to enhance antioxidant effects. Methods: NLCs were prepared by hot homogenization followed by ultrasonication. Using Design-Expert statistical software, 26 formulations were designed and synthesized. The zeta potential, particle size, and polydispersity index (PDI) were determined for each formulation. The data were analyzed to select the optimal formulation. Additional assays included determination of drug loading, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and morphological evaluation by electron microscopy. Results: Based on the data obtained, the formulation containing 3% lipid (5:1 stearic acid to grape seed oil), 3% surfactant (2:1 Tween 20 to Span 80), and 1% pomegranate essential oil was selected as the optimal formulation. The particle size was 150 ± 4.98 nm, the PDI was 0.218 ± 0.068, and the zeta potential was -22.6 ± 4.72 mV. Morphological examination confirmed a spherical shape. FTIR findings indicated drug loading in the nanoparticles. The encapsulation efficiency was approximately 99%. Conclusions: Because the NLC nanoparticles demonstrated a high level of pomegranate essential oil loading, they may be suitable carriers for this essential oil for various applications and treatments.