Inhibitory Effect of Swimming Exercise and Black Seed Nanocapsules on the Expression of Gene Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 on the Lungs of Wistar Rats Exposed to Nicotine-Derived Nitrosamine Ketone (NNK)
| Author | Mohammad Bagher Nikzad | en |
| Author | Mohammad Ali Sardar | en |
| Author | Abolfazl Aghababaeian | en |
| Author | Sadegh Ali Azimi | en |
| Author | Mohammad Shafiee | en |
| Author | Sadegh Abbasian | en |
| Orcid | Abolfazl Aghababaeian [0000-0001-6299-271X] | en |
| Issued Date | 2025-12-31 | en |
| Abstract | Background: It is believed that exercises and supplements such as black seed, owing to their anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, may have an inhibitory effect on the pathways leading to lung tissue tumors. Objectives: Accordingly, this paper aimed at investigating the effect of 12 weeks of swimming training and injection of black seed nanocapsules on the expression of the STAT3 gene in the lungs of rats following exposure to nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) carcinogen. Methods: Eighty-six Wistar rats were divided into 8 groups of 10, including a training group, NNK group, NNK-training group, supplement group, NNK-supplement group, training-supplement group, training-NNK-supplement group, vehicle group injected with distilled water, and a group of 6 as a control group. In this study, rats were included in the study if they successfully underwent NNK administration and completed the prescribed exercise training regimen. Any animal that failed to receive the full NNK dose or did not adhere to the defined exercise protocol was excluded. Swimming exercises were performed for 12 weeks, 5 days a week. The injection of NNK and distilled water was performed subcutaneously once a week at 12.5 mg/kg for 12 weeks. Results: Comparison of the expression of the STAT3 gene in the NNK group with 3 groups of NNK-supplement group, NNK-training group, and training-NNK-supplement group revealed a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the expression of this gene compared to NNK. The expression of the STAT3 gene in lung tissue exposed to NNK carcinogen was significantly reduced following swimming exercises and administration of black seed nanocapsules (P < 0.05). Moreover, the secondary outcomes indicated that the NNK-exposed groups generally exhibited the highest mean values for final weight, height, and lung weight (e.g., NNK-only lung weight: 1.6 ± 0.2 g vs. control: 1.1 ± 0.1 g). Conclusions: Seemingly, the endurance training and black seed nanocapsules administration, along with other treatments, could reduce the carcinogenic impact of NNK and mitigate the negative effects of smoking by reducing the STAT3 inflammatory agent. | en |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.5812/ijcm-163669 | en |
| Keyword | Exercise | en |
| Keyword | Herbal Supplement | en |
| Keyword | Lung Cancer | en |
| Keyword | Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 | en |
| Keyword | Nicotine-Derived Nitrosamine Ketone | en |
| Publisher | Brieflands | en |
| Title | Inhibitory Effect of Swimming Exercise and Black Seed Nanocapsules on the Expression of Gene Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 on the Lungs of Wistar Rats Exposed to Nicotine-Derived Nitrosamine Ketone (NNK) | en |
| Type | Research Article | en |
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