The Pulmonary Vein Thrombosis Complicated with Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage and COVID-19: A Rare and Challenging Case Report

Abstract

Introduction: Pulmonary vein thrombosis (PVT) is an extremely rare and potentially fatal condition. It is often recognized as a catastrophic event due to its life-threatening nature. Case Presentation: A 12-year-old male patient was admitted to the emergency department with massive hemoptysis. Upon admission, his condition was critical, prompting immediate transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU). Given the progressive decline in his clinical and paraclinical parameters, mechanical ventilation was deemed necessary. Radiological evaluation using high-resolution computed tomography (lung HRCT) revealed evidence of pulmonary hemorrhage. Moreover, a thrombus located within the left superior pulmonary vein was detected. This diagnosis was further complicated by the patient's concomitant COVID-19 infection, which added layers of complexity to the management plan. Despite the complex critical presentation, he showed considerable improvement with a conservative therapeutic approach and careful monitoring. Eventually, he was discharged from the hospital in good health. Conclusions: The indispensable role of a comprehensive approach led to the precise treatment of this challenging phenomenon. Evidence-based strategies can decrease the rate of morbidity and mortality associated with PVT.