Size-Tunable Agarwood-Oil–Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Sustainable Biofunctional Textiles
| Author | Azri Farhanah Abd Aziz | en |
| Author | Manuel Jose Lis Arias | en |
| Author | Haliza Katas | en |
| Orcid | Haliza Katas [0000-0001-7249-1628] | en |
| Accessioned Date | 2026-06-14T10:43:03Z | |
| Issued Date | 2026-12-31 | en |
| Abstract | Background: Nanoparticle size is a critical factor influencing diffusion behavior, interfacial interactions, and overall performance in biomedical and textile-based delivery systems. Aquilaria malaccensis (agarwood) oil (AO), an essential oil of cultural and commercial significance in Malaysia, has unique bioactive properties but remains underexplored in nanoparticle formulations due to challenges related to its volatility and poor water compatibility. Objectives: This study aims to develop a sustainable, size-tunable chitosan-based nanocarrier capable of efficiently encapsulating AO and to evaluate its physicochemical characteristics and compatibility with textile substrates for potential biomedical and functional textile applications. Methods: AO-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were produced using an emulsion-assisted ionic-gelation method, employing chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) without organic solvents. Particle size was modulated across a predefined design space. The optimised nanoparticle formulation was characterised for size, Polydispersity Index (PDI), zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, and process yield. The optimised nanoparticles were subsequently applied onto cotton and polyester fabrics to assess wet pickup and incorporation behaviour. Results: The fabrication method produced nanoparticles ranging from 78.6 to 2425 nm with PDI values below 0.35. The optimised formulation yielded uniform particles of approximately 90.75 nm with a zeta potential of +17.6 mV, an encapsulation efficiency of 80.23%, a loading capacity of 24.84%, and a process yield of 15.49%. These properties indicate effective incorporation of hydrophobic AO within the chitosan–TPP matrix. When applied to textile substrates, the nanoparticles demonstrated favourable wet pickup and incorporation profiles on both cotton and polyester. Conclusions: Overall, this work presents a sustainable and size-tunable chitosan-based nanocarrier capable of incorporating AO, highlighting its promise for future development in dermal, pharmaceutical, and biofunctional textile applications. Future research will focus on evaluating biological activity, release behavior, and textile performance, thereby establishing the practical impact and broad applicability of these nanoparticles across diverse real-world scenarios. | en |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.5812/jrps-167592 | en |
| URI | https://repository.brieflands.com/handle/123456789/67711 | |
| Keyword | Chitosan Nanoparticles | en |
| Keyword | Agarwood Oil | en |
| Keyword | Ionic Gelation | en |
| Keyword | Green Nanoparticles | en |
| Keyword | Biofunctional Textiles | en |
| Keyword | Nanocarrier | en |
| Publisher | Brieflands | en |
| Title | Size-Tunable Agarwood-Oil–Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Sustainable Biofunctional Textiles | en |
| Type | Research Article | en |