Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Infection Among Pregnant Women Attending Healthcare Centers in Jiroft, Southern Iran (2023 - 2024)

Abstract

Background: Acute toxoplasmosis during pregnancy poses significant risks, including congenital infection and fetal mortality. Early prenatal screening is essential for timely diagnosis and management, which can reduce adverse outcomes. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and associated risk factors among pregnant women attending healthcare centers in Jiroft city, southern Iran. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2023 to September 2024, enrolling 400 pregnant women receiving prenatal care in Jiroft city. Serum samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect anti-Toxoplasma immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. Positive IgG samples underwent IgG-avidity testing to estimate infection timing. Demographic and exposure data were collected via structured questionnaires. Associations between seroprevalence and participant characteristics were analyzed using univariate and multiple logistic regression. Results: Of the participants, 112 women (28%) tested positive for Toxoplasma-specific IgG antibodies. Of these, 108 women (27%) tested positive for Toxoplasma-specific IgG antibodies, while an additional four women (1%) exhibited both positive IgG and borderline IgM titers. All IgG-positive samples exhibited high avidity, consistent with chronic infection. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between IgG positivity and close contact with cats (P = 0.03). Conclusions: The findings indicate that 72% of pregnant women in Jiroft city remain susceptible to toxoplasmosis, emphasizing the need for effective preventive education and interventions. Integrating IgG-avidity assays with conventional screening methods is recommended to improve diagnostic accuracy and guide clinical management. When interpreting the findings, limitations including the absence of molecular confirmation for acute toxoplasmosis and possible information bias from self-reported data should be considered.