Microbiome and Immune System Maturation in Infants and Toddlers
| Author | Shaghayegh Rezai | en |
| Author | Milad Salimi Chegenie | en |
| Author | Bahareh Hajikhani | en |
| Author | Somayeh Delfani | en |
| Issued Date | 2025-10-31 | en |
| Abstract | Context: From pregnancy to age two — the first 1,000 days — are pivotal for shaping the infant’s immune system and microbiome. Both are highly plastic, and their bidirectional crosstalk is crucial for lifelong health. Early absence or dysbiosis of the microbiome has significant health consequences. Evidence Acquisition: All manuscripts were collected from PubMed, Google Scholar, and other relevant databases published from 2021 through 2025. All searches were conducted using specific keywords, including “early-life microbiome”, “gut microbiome”, “oral microbiome”, “immunological development”, and “microbiota composition”. Results: Imbalanced oral bacteria raise risks for oral and systemic diseases since the mouth seeds gut microbiota. The oral-gut microbiome is bidirectional, shaping disease via migration, metabolites, and immune/inflammatory signals. Antibiotic overuse, maternal infection, environmental factors, and genetics reduce beneficial bifidobacteria and increase harmful bacteria, promoting resistance. Probiotics such as Bifidobacterium breve M-16V and B. longum BB536 may lessen eczema, boost immunity, and counter resistance, while improving oral and gut diversity and potentially lowering asthma, allergy, and obesity risk. Microbial ecosystem transplantation (MET) offers precise microbiota restoration, especially for Cesarean-born infants. Conclusions: The MET could tailor age-specific formulas for the first 1,000 days to support infants’ gut microbiota, promoting development and reducing dysbiosis. Custom MET products may yield lasting immune and metabolic benefits. However, safety, efficacy, and long-term effects of probiotics, FMT, and MET in infants require more research, despite their promise for early-life microbiota management and health. | en |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid-163648 | en |
| URI | https://brieflands.com/journals/archcid/articles/163648 | en |
| Keyword | Early Life Microbiome | en |
| Keyword | Gut Microbiome | en |
| Keyword | Oral Microbiome | en |
| Keyword | Immunological Development | en |
| Keyword | Microbiota Composition | en |
| Publisher | Brieflands | en |
| Title | Microbiome and Immune System Maturation in Infants and Toddlers | en |
| Type | Review Article | en |
Files
Original bundle
1 - 1 of 1
Loading...
- Name:
- archcid-20-5-163648-publish-pdf.pdf
- Size:
- 977.8 KB
- Format:
- Adobe Portable Document Format
- Description:
- Article/s PDF