A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial Comparing Prophylactic Intravenous Paracetamol and Intravenous Meperidine for Shivering During Cesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anesthesia

AuthorMilad Masaelien
AuthorMohammad Reza Habibzadehen
AuthorSetayesh Sindarrehen
AuthorZahra Ghasemien
AuthorTayyebe Farajien
OrcidMilad Masaeli [0000-0002-5620-0955]en
OrcidMohammad Reza Habibzadeh [0000-0002-5094-7900]en
OrcidSetayesh Sindarreh [0000-0001-8481-9184]en
OrcidZahra Ghasemi [0009-0000-3106-2560]en
Issued Date2026-12-31en
AbstractBackground: Shivering is a distressing and common complication of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery (CD), with reported incidence rates of up to 55%. It increases maternal metabolic demand, thereby posing risks for patients with cardiopulmonary conditions. Although meperidine is an effective and well-established prophylactic agent, its use is limited by opioid-related adverse effects. Intravenous (IV) paracetamol is a non-opioid alternative that may reduce shivering by centrally modulating the thermoregulatory set point. Objectives: This randomized, double-blind clinical trial compared the prophylactic efficacy of intravenous paracetamol and intravenous meperidine in preventing shivering during CD under spinal anesthesia. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind clinical trial, 151 patients undergoing CD under spinal anesthesia were allocated to receive 1 g IV paracetamol (PARA), 0.3 mg/kg IV meperidine (MEP-IV), or normal saline (CTL) preoperatively. The primary outcomes were the incidence and intensity of shivering, assessed using a 4-point scale. Secondary outcomes included shivering onset time, hemodynamic stability (including mean arterial pressure [MAP] and heart rate [HR]), and adverse events. Longitudinal hemodynamic data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: The overall incidence of shivering did not differ significantly among the groups (P = 0.146), with rates of 49.0% in the PARA group, 33.3% in the MEP-IV group, and 49.0% in the CTL group. Although IV paracetamol did not significantly reduce the overall incidence of shivering compared with meperidine or placebo, it was associated with a delayed onset and lower shivering severity. Conclusions: Intravenous paracetamol may represent a potential non-opioid option for managing shivering during CD under spinal anesthesia.en
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5812/ipmn-167539en
URIhttps://brieflands.com/journals/ipmn/articles/167539en
KeywordShiveringen
KeywordCesarean Sectionen
KeywordSpinal Anesthesiaen
KeywordParacetamolen
KeywordMeperidineen
KeywordObstetric Anesthesiaen
PublisherBrieflandsen
TitleA Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial Comparing Prophylactic Intravenous Paracetamol and Intravenous Meperidine for Shivering During Cesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anesthesiaen
TypeResearch Articleen

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