Cadaver or Virtual Reality? A Debate of Anatomy Learning Methods

Abstract

Context: Anatomy is a foundational discipline in medical science and plays a crucial role in understanding the structure and function of the body’s systems. Cadaver dissection (CD) has long been regarded as the gold standard in anatomy education. In response to challenges in medical education, new instructional methods have been developed. Virtual reality (VR) is one such technology and provides conditions for active learning. This study aimed to evaluate and compare new tools with traditional teaching methods in anatomy and to propose a combined approach to enhance the learning process. Evidence Acquisition: To identify sources for this study, a search using the specified keywords was conducted on October 8, 2025, in databases including PubMed and Scopus. A total of 18,000 articles were identified. Of these, 22 articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were reviewed in detail. Results: Studies of CD and VR suggest that these two methods complement each other. Several studies support an integrated model that combines the cognitive clarity of VR with the sensory realism of CD. In such programs, students can begin with digital simulations to build mental maps and then apply this knowledge in the dissection laboratory. Conclusions: Neither CD nor VR alone can fully meet the needs of modern anatomy education. A well-designed combined model may be the most effective approach.