Nanomaterials in Vaccine Development Against Zoonotic Viruses: A Narrative Review of Human, Veterinary, and One Health Perspectives
| Author | Seyed Mohsen Mousavi Fard | en |
| Author | Foroogh Sadat Mousavi Fard | en |
| Author | Parichehr Ebrahimi Shahabadi | en |
| Author | Mohammad Ali Nazmabadi Nezhad | en |
| Author | Marziyeh Saki | en |
| Author | Safa Najafi | en |
| Author | Sirous Rafiei Asl | en |
| Orcid | Seyed Mohsen Mousavi Fard [0009-0008-8360-4702] | en |
| Orcid | Foroogh Sadat Mousavi Fard [0009-0006-4998-0443] | en |
| Orcid | Parichehr Ebrahimi Shahabadi [0009-0005-6560-2330] | en |
| Orcid | Mohammad Ali Nazmabadi Nezhad [0009-0008-5893-817X] | en |
| Orcid | Marziyeh Saki [0009-0007-9897-9673] | en |
| Orcid | Safa Najafi [0000-0003-2454-2851] | en |
| Orcid | Sirous Rafiei Asl [0000-0003-1219-1054] | en |
| Issued Date | 2026-06-30 | en |
| Abstract | Context: Zoonotic viral diseases, including Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), dengue fever, rabies, coronavirus infections, avian influenza, Ebola, and Nipah, pose substantial threats to public health and the global economy. This narrative review examines the role of nanomaterials in developing novel vaccines against zoonotic viruses and analyzes the underlying immunological mechanisms. Evidence Acquisition: A narrative literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar for articles published between January 2020 and June 2026. Data were extracted using standardized forms. Key information recorded included the nanomaterial type, target virus, animal model, vaccine dose, administration route, immunological markers measured, and main findings. Results: The findings showed that lipid, polymeric [including poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and chitosan], and metallic nanoparticles (gold and iron oxide) can effectively encapsulate viral antigens and prevent their premature degradation. The main immunological mechanisms identified were: 1) enhanced antigen uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) via endocytosis and phagocytosis, depending on nanoparticle size; 2) robust activation of innate immune signaling pathways through Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation and the induction of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6; and 3) modulation of the immune response toward a Th1 (cellular immunity) or Th2 (humoral immunity) phenotype by altering nanoparticle surface charge, hydrophobicity, and diameter. Discussion: Nanotechnology offers promising opportunities for developing next-generation vaccines against zoonotic viruses by providing platforms for targeted delivery, intelligent adjuvants, and the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. | en |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.69107/jai-173300 | en |
| URI | https://brieflands.com/journals/jai/articles/173300 | en |
| Keyword | Nanotechnology | en |
| Keyword | Vaccines | en |
| Keyword | Zoonotic Viruses | en |
| Keyword | Immunological Mechanisms | en |
| Keyword | Nanocarriers | en |
| Keyword | Cellular Immunity | en |
| Publisher | Brieflands | en |
| Title | Nanomaterials in Vaccine Development Against Zoonotic Viruses: A Narrative Review of Human, Veterinary, and One Health Perspectives | en |
| Type | Systematic Review | en |
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