Hypercalcemia Etiologies in Pediatric Patients: An Informative Narrative Review
| Author | Setila Dalili | en |
| Author | Mohsen Basiri | en |
| Author | Shahin Koohmanaee | en |
| Author | Afagh Hassanzadeh Rad | en |
| Author | Shohreh Maleknejad | en |
| Orcid | Setila Dalili [0000-0001-9591-0821] | en |
| Orcid | Mohsen Basiri [0009-0005-6782-3348] | en |
| Orcid | Shahin Koohmanaee [0000-0001-6700-3044] | en |
| Orcid | Afagh Hassanzadeh Rad [0000-0001-6980-8866] | en |
| Orcid | Shohreh Maleknejad [0000-0002-3865-5753] | en |
| Issued Date | 2024-08-31 | en |
| Abstract | Background: Hypercalcemia, although less prevalent, is a critical diagnosis in pediatric patients, consisting of numerous etiologies that differ significantly from those in adults. In children, congenital causes are more prevalent. The differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia encompasses a broad spectrum of etiologies; however, up to 90% of all cases are diagnosed with either primary hyperparathyroidism or malignancy. Primary hyperparathyroidism predominates in ambulatory patients, while malignancy is more common among critically ill hospitalized patients. Objectives: This review addresses several important issues related to calcium metabolism and hypercalcemia: (a) overview of Calcium Metabolism; (b) factors affecting serum total and ionized calcium concentration; (c) clinical manifestations and importance of Hypercalcemia in pediatric patients; (d) overview of the causes of Hypercalcemia in pediatric patients; (e) overview of Hypercalcemia management. Methods: A literature search was conducted for articles published from 2000 to 2024 using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Embase databases. The keywords used were: CALCIUM, Calcium metabolism disorders, hypercalcemia, Parathyroid hormone, Vitamin D, and acid-base imbalance. Results: This study provides a review of calcium metabolism and factors affecting total and ionized calcium concentrations, along with a definition of hypercalcemia, classification of its severity, its clinical manifestations, and a comprehensive overview of hypercalcemia etiologies categorized into parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related and unrelated causes. An overview of its management is also included. Conclusions: Hypercalcemia is an important disorder in both pediatric and adult patients. Before initiating a workup for hypercalcemia, it is crucial to understand the physiology of calcium and the factors affecting its serum concentrations. The etiologies of hypercalcemia in pediatric patients have a wide spectrum of differential diagnoses; primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancies account for 80-90% of all hypercalcemia cases found in clinical practice. Genetic and syndromic causes are usually more prevalent in pediatrics due to the nature of these conditions. Managing hypercalcemia requires two simultaneous approaches: First, measures aimed at lowering serum calcium concentrations and second, a workup for the underlying cause. | en |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.5812/jcp-146647 | en |
| Keyword | Hypercalcemia | en |
| Keyword | Calcium Metabolism Disorders | en |
| Keyword | Calcium | en |
| Keyword | Acid-Base Imbalance | en |
| Keyword | Vitamin D | en |
| Publisher | Brieflands | en |
| Title | Hypercalcemia Etiologies in Pediatric Patients: An Informative Narrative Review | en |
| Type | Review Article | en |
Files
Original bundle
1 - 1 of 1
Loading...
- Name:
- jcp-15-3-146647-publish-pdf.pdf
- Size:
- 374.99 KB
- Format:
- Adobe Portable Document Format
- Description:
- Article/s PDF