The Effect of Success Criteria on the Performance and Learning of the Dart-Throwing Skill in Female Students: A Metacognitive Study
| Author | Samaneh Sadat Khalilirad | en |
| Author | Rosa Rahavi Ezabadi | en |
| Orcid | Samaneh Sadat Khalilirad [0000-0003-0082-2250] | en |
| Orcid | Rosa Rahavi Ezabadi [0000-0003-4478-5674] | en |
| Issued Date | 2026-08-31 | en |
| Abstract | Background: Motor skill learning is influenced by cognitive and metacognitive factors. Among these factors, the success criterion serves as a key reference point that guides learners’ performance and self-regulatory processes. Objectives: This study investigated the effects of success criteria on the performance and learning of a dart-throwing skill in female students using a metacognitive approach. Methods: Success criteria were manipulated via task parameters. Three self-regulated distance groups practiced with a small target (Small-T), a large target (Large-T), or a standard target (Std-T), with the target condition manipulated by varying the throwing distance. One self-regulated target group selected the target size (small, standard, or large) at a standard throwing distance before each block of trials (Fixed-D). Participants first completed a pre-test (one block of 10 trials), followed by an acquisition phase (five blocks of 10 trials), an immediate retention test (one block of 10 trials), and, 1 week later, delayed retention and transfer tests (one block of 10 trials each). Results: During the acquisition phase, the self-regulated distance (SRD) group with the standard target (Std-T) demonstrated the highest performance. In the immediate retention test, all groups showed significant improvement. However, in the transfer test, both self-regulated groups, SRD (Std-T) and SRD (Large-T), demonstrated the strongest performance (P < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of success criteria in motor skill learning and indicate that distance-based self-regulation facilitates more effective feedback, thereby improving performance and skill retention. | en |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.69107/jmcl-167806 | en |
| URI | https://brieflands.com/journals/jmcl/articles/167806 | en |
| Keyword | Performance Optimization | en |
| Keyword | Self-regulation | en |
| Keyword | Distance Parameter | en |
| Keyword | Target Parameter | en |
| Keyword | Motor Learning | en |
| Keyword | Success Criterion | en |
| Publisher | Brieflands | en |
| Title | The Effect of Success Criteria on the Performance and Learning of the Dart-Throwing Skill in Female Students: A Metacognitive Study | en |
| Type | Research Article | en |
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