International Journal of Motor Control and Learning

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The editorial policy of The Journal of Motor Control and Learning (JMCL) follows the special purposes of Motor Behavior to promote the highest standards of scientific study referring to the following fields:

Motor Control and Learning
Cognitive Sciences
Psychology and Behavior in Sport/Exercise
Pedagogy & Coaching in Physical Education / Sport
Biomechanic in Movement Sciences
Sports Medicine
Sports Rehabilitation

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 130

Relationship between Perfectionism and Skill Performance in Adolescent Futsal Players
(Brieflands, 2020-08-31) Mohammad Maleki
Background: Adolescent's perfectionism relates primarily to stress symptoms. Relationship between aspects of perfectionism and sports performance in no-stress training accompanied by inconsistent results.Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate how different aspects of perfectionism predict futsal skill performances during stressful training in the adolescent.Methods: Participants were 101 adolescent futsal players. They completed perfectionism inventory, then performed a futsal skill during three blocks of four trials. Two indices took into account: time and performance.Results: There was a significant relationship between positive perfectionism and performance during blocks 1 and 3 when negative perfectionism was considered. A significant positive relationship between negative perfectionism was observed with both time and performance during block 3. Also, a significant positive correlation in terms of the interaction between high positive and high negative perfectionism with the performance during block 3 was found.Conclusions: The findings suggest that positive perfectionism in athletes during training was correlated with high levels of performance, but when crossing blocks, that relationship removed. Also, after observing other's performance, performance in individuals with high negative perfectionism during consecutive trials improved. When the interaction between positive and negative perfectionism was considered to predict sports performance, performance in individuals with high positive perfectionism during stressful training impaired.
Effects of Binaural Beat and Lavender Scent Inhalation on mood and Sleep Quality of Female Student-Athletes with Sleep Disorders
(Brieflands, 2023-08-31) Faezeh Abbasi; Kahdijeh Irandoust; Morteza Taheri
Background: Sleep disorders in the Covid-19 pandemic and student life are among the issues of interest to researchers, especially when the student is an athlete. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of binaural beat and lavender scent on mood and sleep quality in female student-athletes.
Twelve Month Follow-up of Motor Skill Intervention on Fundamental Motor Skills in the Pre-schools
(Brieflands, 2022-11-30) hassan kordi
Background: The present study aims to determine whether motor skill intervention children sustained fundamental motor skill proficiency after one year of follow-up.
Construction and Validation of the Scale of Measuring the Social Responsibility of Famous Iranian Athletes
(Brieflands, 2021-02-28) najaf Aghaei; Najaf Aghaei
Background: Addressing the issue of social responsibility is pleasant and valuable for every human being, and this category has found a special place in the context of sports. To date, different forms of this category have emerged, one of which is social responsibility in the individual dimension, which can be addressed to all sections of society.Objective: Due to the importance of the subject, the purpose of this study was to construct and validate a scale for measuring the social responsibility of famous Iranian athletes.Methods: The methodology of the present study is descriptive-analytical and based on the purpose of applied studies. The statistical population of the present study consisted of physical education students of Tehran, Beheshti, Modares and Kharazmi universities in 3 levels. Structural equations were used to determine the sample size and finally 338 questionnaires were examined. In order to evaluate the validity and reliability of the instrument, indicators such as exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling, divergent and convergent validity and Cronbach’s alpha and combined reliability, each of which performs a specific action.Results: Moreover, the results of all indicators indicated a favorable evaluation of the instrument.Conclusion: Therefore, it is suggested that researchers in the field of sports management use this standardized tool to assess the level of responsibility of famous Iranian athletes and provide desirable results.
The Impact of Skill Level Matching in Cooperative Dyadic Interaction on Learning Table Tennis Forehand Skills among Adolescent Girls
(Brieflands, 2021-08-31) Elahe Siavashi; ali heyrani; ehsan zareian
Background: Dyad training is one of the new practicing methods which has received growing attention due to its increasing practice efficiency in skills.Objective: The present study aims to investigate the impact of skill level matching in cooperative dyadic interaction on learning forehand table tennis skills in adolescent girls.Methods: Participants were selected based on convenience sampling from among 24 junior high school girls in Nahavand city, and were randomly divided into two groups of Novice-Novice and Novice-Expert. Both groups performed six sessions of participatory dyad training with their respective arrangement (novice- novice, novice- expert), each session consisting of 20 sets of 3-minute with a 1-minute rest time between the sets. Using table tennis forehand shot accuracy test, the motor performance was measured in the pre-test, post-test, retention and transfer stages (merely forehand performance with increasing throwing speed of ball launcher machine).Results: The results revealed that both Novice-Novice and Novice-Expert groups displayed significant progress learning of table tennis forehand skills. Moreover, the Novice-Expert performed better in the post-test, retention and transfer stages in comparison to the Novice-Novice group.Conclusions: As a result, Novice-Expert arrangement facilitates learning table tennis forehand skill more than Novice-Novice arrangement during participatory dyad training.
Effect of Bio-Neural Feedback Exercises on the Performance of Female Rugby Players
(Brieflands, 2019-11-30) Zahra Salimnejad; Hasan Zandi; Saeed Arsham
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of neurofeedback training on the performance of female rugby players.Methods: The research design was a quasi-experimental with control and experimental groups. Twenty-four girl rugby players between 16-25 years old from Alborz province were randomly placed in two equal 12-subjects groups. Neurofeedback training carried out for 15 sessions, three times per week. Neurofeedback training group protocols were alpha/theta training in Pz area and SMR / theta protocol in the C3 area for 20 minutes. Data were collected from the pre-test and post-test to measure rugby performance including an accuracy test for passing and shooting. The nonparametric mann–whitney u test was used for data analysis.Results: The results showed that the accuracy of left and right passing were increased after neurofeedback training. But, no significant improvement in the performance of shooting accuracy was observed.Conclusion: It can be concluded that neurofeedback training can be an effective method to boost the optimal performance of athletes in sports requiring accuracy like passing in rugby.
Investigating the Effect of Simultaneous Dual Task Execution on the Balance Position of People with Forward Head Posture
(Brieflands, 2023-08-31) Ali Feiz Khademi; Hooman Minoonejad; Mahdieh Akoochakian; Yosef Moghadas Tabrizi
Background: The present study has been conducted with the aim of the effect of the simultaneous implementation of the dual task on the dynamic balance of people with forward head posture.
A Comparison Between Sports Motivation and Social Physique Anxiety between Blind and Visually Impaired Elite Athletes in Individual and Team Sports
(Brieflands, 2022-05-31) Mohammadreza Seyedi; Fariba Mohammadi; Milad Esmaeili; Amir Dana
Background: Sports psychology literature shows that motivation is essential in individual and team sports. This study compares sports motivation and Social Physique Anxiety (SPA)between blind and visually impaired elite athletes in individual and team sports.Methods: The study is comparative in terms of design. The population was Iranian professional blind and visually impaired athletes in 2021. The sample includes N=110, n=35 in team sports (football and Goalball) and n=75 in individual sports (swimming, chess, wrestling, athletics), selected by convenience sampling method. The research tool was Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-18) and Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS). Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent t-test and analysis of variance) are used to analyze the data with SPSS 24.Results: The results show a significant difference between the stimulating experience of athletes in individual and group sports in sports motivation components (P0.05). Also, the analysis of variance showed no significant difference between the elite athletes in individual and team sports in terms of sports motivation (P = 0.982) and SPA (P = 0.937).Conclusion: It is suggested that the factors affecting the motivation of sports participation of blind athletes in other sports should be examined. We need to focus more on programs that reduce SPA in blind and visually impaired athletes.
Effect of Different Intervention on Running Economy - A Systematic Review of the Literature
(Brieflands, 2022-05-31) Uwe Gustav Kersting; Shahin ketabi
Background: This article systematically reviews the available literature on biomechanically motivated interventions to improve running economy aside from conventional endurance training. It was aimed to identify the possible mechanisms behind the potential improvements and to extract principles to guide researchers and coaches in how to make use of this potential.Evidence acquisition: The search strategy yielded 26 intervention papers and four reviews which were suitable for inclusion.Results: It was concluded that plyometric and strength training protocols were consistently beneficial to reduce the oxygen consumption per distance traveled in steady state running showing an average effect size of 3.8%. Footwear interventions showed smaller effects of 1.9% on average but still may offer considerable improvements which can potentially be applied immediately.Conclusions: It was suggested that the energy consumption savings achieved by footwear interventions are not realizable by energy return mechanisms of the footwear alone. It is most likely that footwear assists to improve RE by optimizing energy storage and return mechanisms within the biological system. Future research should aim at verifying this interplay to provide more efficient training programs as well as footwear which ameliorates the utilization of the mechanisms embedded within the human locomotor system.
Expertise Influence on Anticipatory Postural Adjustment under Different Temporal Pressure
(Brieflands, 2022-05-31) Alireza Aminaee; Shahzad Tahmasebi Boroujeni; Elahe Arab Ameri; Mehdi Shahbazi
Background: Skilled athletes’ optimal performance might be due to their postural ability to counteract perturbation. However, how expertise influences the coordination of anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) and main movement under temporal pressure needs more investigation. This study aimed to investigate how available time (temporal pressure) for the central nervous system to prepare postural and motor commands, differentiates skilled and novice postural capacity during performing Table Tennis Forehand stroke.Methods: 10 skilled (20.3±1.15 years old) and 10 novices (19.9±0.99 years old) Table Tennis players while maintaining Forehand stroke position on two force plates stand in front of a screen that presents a Coincident Anticipation Timing stimulus. Participants completed a block of 20 trials consisting of random-order presentation of fast and slow stimuli and surface muscle activity of postural muscles was recorded using an Electromyography device, simultaneously.Results: The results of two-way MANOVA showed that more/less temporal pressure for the central nervous system led to later/earlier onset time of APA with lower/higher magnitude, respectively. Skilled players’ postural strategy was the higher magnitude of APA in dorsal muscles (Erector Spainae, Biceps Femoris, and Gasterocnemous), more backward peak excursion, and lower velocity of the center of pressure.Conclusion: Although such findings may be beneficial factors for coaches in programming athletes’ training, however, the similarity in anticipatory postural adjustments’ onset time of novice and skilled players, do not let a certain conclusion about the effects of expertise on feed-forward control of posture.
Contributions of External Attentional Focus, Enhanced Expectancies and Autonomy Support to Enhance Learning Skills of Throwing Darts
(Brieflands, 2020-05-31) parisa amoorezae; Elahe Arab Ameri; Shahzad Tahmasebi Boroujeni
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the combination of attention (external focus) and internal motivation (autonomy support and enhanced expectancies) on learning the skill of throwing darts.Methods: For this purpose, 60 women participated in the study. our study included 4 groups: a) autonomy support - external focus (AS-EF); b) enhanced expectancies - external focus (EE-EF); C) enhanced expectancies - autonomy support (EE-AS); and d) enhanced expectancies - autonomy support - external focus (EE-AS-EF). Participants were asked to throw darts at a target with their non-dominant arm. In the EE conditions, they received (false) positive social-comparative feedback. In the AS conditions, they were allowed to throw 5 of 10 trials in each block with their dominant arm chosen by them. In the EF conditions, participants were asked to focus on the target. on the post-test after the end of the training period and retention and transfer test 24 hours after practice, the AS-EE-EF group had the highest accuracy scores and outperformed all other groups.Results: The results of the between-group comparison for throwing accuracy showed that the EE-AS-EF group was a significant difference compared to the other groups.Conclusions: The findings provide evidence that enhanced expectancies, autonomy support, and an external focus can contribute in an additive style to optimize motor performance and learning.
Braille Tonik Deserves More Attention
(Brieflands, 2022-05-31) Gholamreza Lotfi
Presenting a Model of Structural Equations Between Psychological Well-being, Religious Beliefs, and Adherence to Recreational Sports Activities
(Brieflands, 2023-11-30) Amin Azimkhani
Background: This study aimed to present a model of structural equations between psychological well-being, religious beliefs, and adherence to recreational sports activities. Methods: The research method is descriptive-correlation, and the statistical population included all women participating in parks and recreation-sports centers in 2021 - 2022. Based on the population volume and using the Krejcie and Morgan table, a sample size of 348 individuals within the age range of 20 - 40 years was selected. Data collection tools were 3 questionnaires: Allport Religious Orientation, Reef Short Form of Psychological Welfare, and Exercise Adherence Questionnaire. The Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression findings showed that psychological well-being and internal religious orientation could predict adherence to sports. Results: The coefficient of explanation of prediction of adherence to sports based on psychological well-being indicators (0.511) is about 6 times higher than the coefficient of explanation of prediction of adherence to sports from internal religious orientation (0.084). These findings indicate that personal growth and positive communication with others can significantly impact women's religious orientation more than internal religious orientation. Conclusions: However, in examining the results, if the culture and religious beliefs in a country or region are opposed to women's sports and even consider women's sports impaired, psychological well-being will no longer affect women's commitment, so cultural and religious factors can be both a threatening factor in non-compliance and an encouraging factor in adhering to women's recreational sports activities.
Generaling a Movement Strategy
(Brieflands, 2019-08-31) Mehdi Namazizadeh
The Effect of Mental and Physical Training on Meta Cognitive Beliefs and Sports Performance of Elite Karate Athletes
(Brieflands, 2023-05-31) Samira Akbari Niaz Abadi; Amin Azimkhani; Reza Aminzadeh
Background: The purpose of this research was the effect of mental and physical training during the training period on the metacognitive beliefs and sports performance of elite karate athletes.
Brief Review: Exploring Avicenna's Recommendations for Preventing Age-Related Sarcopenia and Improving Motor Control: Insights from Persian Medicine
(Brieflands, 2023-11-30) Morteza Taheri; Marzieh Beygom Siahpoosh
Background: Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass and function, is a significant concern in geriatric medicine. Avicenna, a prominent figure in Persian medicine, emphasized healthy living and provided detailed instructions for the elderly. Objectives: This review aims to evaluate the potential effectiveness of Avicenna's recommendations in preserving and improving motor control in the elderly population. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases using relevant keywords to identify studies discussing Avicenna's recommendations for individuals over 65 years old. Avicenna suggested maintaining instinctive heat and essential body moisture through a balanced diet, including fresh fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains. He also emphasized the importance of physical activity, moderate massage, and herbal remedies. Results: Comparing Avicenna's recommendations with current research on age-related sarcopenia reveals significant overlap. Studies support Avicenna's emphasis on milk and meat consumption for muscle health. Avicenna's recommendations for physical activity align with current exercise guidelines for older adults. Conclusions: Incorporating Avicenna's recommendations into geriatric medicine may lead to improved outcomes for elderly individuals at risk of sarcopenia and motor control issues. Further research is warranted to explore the mechanisms underlying Avicenna's recommendations and their impact on sarcopenia prevention and management, as well as motor control improvement.
Twenty Seconds of Finger Tapping: A Borderland for Contralateral Transfer of Repeated Bout Rate Enhancement
(Brieflands, 2022-05-31) Ernst Hansen
The Effect of Core Stability Training on Fundamental Motor Skills in Over-weight and Obese Girls
(Brieflands, 2022-11-30) Robabeh Rostami; Marzieh Zeinali; Fatemeh Pasand; Usef Garmanjani
Background: Childhood is the most important stage in development, and overweight and obesity during this period can affect the development of fundamental motor skills that are the basis of more complex sports skills and performances. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the effect of core stability training on fundamental motor skills on over-weight and obese girls.
Examining Impulse-Variability Theory and the Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off in Children's Kicking Performance
(Brieflands, 2023-08-31) Sergio L. Molina; David F. Stodden
Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the applicability of impulse-variability theory and the speed-accuracy trade-off in children’s kicking performance.
The Transitional Effect of Fatigue due to a Period of Physical and Mental Activity on the Level of Learning a Motor Skill
(Brieflands, 2020-02-29) mahin mohammadpour; Mohammad Taghi Aghdasi
Background: All of the amazing advances in the present world, are the result of human learning. Durability and survival of human being in the world are possible by creating and discovering new ways of teaching and learning.Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the transitional effect of fatigue due to a period of physical and mental activity on the level of learning a motor skill.Methods: Participants in this research were all of the students of non-profit female school; among them, 36 students, aged between 15-18years, were selected in simple random and divided into 3 groups of 12 individuals including a mental activity, a physical activity, and a control group. The present study was semi-experimental and of repeated measurement type and included three experimental groups. The exercise protocol was considered for 4 weeks, 3 sessions per week and for each session, 5 close and 20 attempts were considered. AAHPERD standard test was used in acquisition, retention and transfer tests. The statistical method of variance analysis with repeated measurements was used to analyze the data.Results: the results showed that the physical activity group had a significant difference compared to the control group, while the mental activity group didn't show a significant difference. There is also a significant difference between physical activity and mental activity in motor skill variable.Conclusion: The overall conclusion that can be drawn is that learning the motor skill is not equal in all people and it could be affected by all negative factors affecting learning.

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