International Journal of Motor Control and Learning

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The editorial policy of The Journal of Motor Control and Learning (JMCL) follows the special purposes of Motor Behavior to promote the highest standards of scientific study referring to the following fields:

Motor Control and Learning
Cognitive Sciences
Psychology and Behavior in Sport/Exercise
Pedagogy & Coaching in Physical Education / Sport
Biomechanic in Movement Sciences
Sports Medicine
Sports Rehabilitation

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 130

The Effect of Video Feedback of Social Comparison on Activity of Mirror Neurons and Golf putt Learning in Young Girls
(Brieflands, 2020-02-29) Narjes Yavari; Masoume Shojaei; Afkham Daneshfar
Background: Social comparison feedback and activity of mirror neurons are both associated with stimulating an individual's emotions, and as each of them suggests a different type of stimulation of emotion to improve performance.Objective: The research aimed to investigate the effect of comparative-social video feedback on the activity of mirror neurons in the brain.Methods: There were randomly selected 18 non-athlete females from Al-Zahra University and they were randomly classified in positive, negative and real groups. On the first day, there was taught how to pay pat golf and a 6-stroke impact test (pretest); the second day consisted of 60 beats with five minutes break between the attempts and receiving video feedback tailored to the group after each attempt (acquisition session); and on the third day, there were performed six attempts (retention test). Using EEG sensors, there was the recorded activity of brain mirror neurons in three conditions: basic, execution and observation. There was also recorded data of accuracy of kicks.Results: The results of combined variance analysis did not show the effect of social comparison feedback on learning accuracy; however, in registering brain activity, there was a significant difference between the activity of mirror neurons in execution and observation conditions. There was no significant difference between the three groups in the amount of electrical activity in the brain during execution and observation.Conclusion: This feedback seems to have little effect on the activity of mirror neurons.
Contributions of External Attentional Focus, Enhanced Expectancies and Autonomy Support to Enhance Learning Skills of Throwing Darts
(Brieflands, 2020-05-31) parisa amoorezae; Elahe Arab Ameri; Shahzad Tahmasebi Boroujeni
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the combination of attention (external focus) and internal motivation (autonomy support and enhanced expectancies) on learning the skill of throwing darts.Methods: For this purpose, 60 women participated in the study. our study included 4 groups: a) autonomy support - external focus (AS-EF); b) enhanced expectancies - external focus (EE-EF); C) enhanced expectancies - autonomy support (EE-AS); and d) enhanced expectancies - autonomy support - external focus (EE-AS-EF). Participants were asked to throw darts at a target with their non-dominant arm. In the EE conditions, they received (false) positive social-comparative feedback. In the AS conditions, they were allowed to throw 5 of 10 trials in each block with their dominant arm chosen by them. In the EF conditions, participants were asked to focus on the target. on the post-test after the end of the training period and retention and transfer test 24 hours after practice, the AS-EE-EF group had the highest accuracy scores and outperformed all other groups.Results: The results of the between-group comparison for throwing accuracy showed that the EE-AS-EF group was a significant difference compared to the other groups.Conclusions: The findings provide evidence that enhanced expectancies, autonomy support, and an external focus can contribute in an additive style to optimize motor performance and learning.
The Effect of Selected Motor Program on Neuropsychological Variability and Motor Function at Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder
(Brieflands, 2021-08-31) melinaz rahman gholhaki; Keivan Molanorouzi; Abdollah Ghasemi
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise intervention on some Event Related Potential and motor performance variables in children with developmental coordination disorder.Methods: In this Quasi-experimental study were selected 28 people with Developmental Coordination Disorder among 7-10 years male students in Tehran. They were screened for study according to the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorder. PsyTask software made by Mitsar Russia was used to build and run the response inhibition test. Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2) was used to measure motor function. The analysis of the covariance was used for data analysis.Results: The analysis of the covariance the posttest ERP showed that latency of NoGo P300 component in Fz and P4 regions, amplitude of NoGo P300 component in Cz region improved significantly after exercise training. Likewise, the results showed that the experimental group improved significantly in manual dexterity, aiming and catching, balance, but there was no significant change in Threading Lace item.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that Physical training interventions has a signification effect on some neuropsychological and motor performance indices of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder.
Perceived Motor Clumsiness: A Study of Young College Students
(Brieflands, 2019-11-30) Carl Gabbard; Rachel Sullivan; Meagan Albosta; Jihye Lee
Objective: This study surveyed the probable incidence of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), a medical condition marked by poor motor coordination and clumsiness, in college-aged students.Methods: A total of 4,014 individuals at Texas A&M University, aged 18-23 (40% males and 60% females), completed the Adolescents and Adults Coordination Questionnaire (AAC-Q) using Qualtrics, a web-based survey procedure.Results/ Conclusion: Results indicated that about 7% of individuals fell into the category of ‘probable’ or ‘likely’ to have DCD. Although marginal, age differences were found to be significant with participants below 20 years old having more difficulty (greater perceived clumsiness) than those 20 years and older. In regard to gender, 5 of the 12 total items were statistically significant with females having a greater proportion of perceived clumsiness than males in 4 out of the 5 questions. That is, females indicated more difficulty with gross motor skills, such as learning to drive or to ride a bike, whereas males indicated more difficulty with fine motor tasks, such as handwriting, and completing tasks requiring fine detail. Interestingly, the 7% clumsiness level found here is similar to the well-documented level of 6% found in children; therefore, giving some credence to the likelihood that children may not ‘simply mature out of the condition.’ This was a preliminary study and future research needs to examine actual (rather than perceived level) of DCD.
Distribution of Childhood and Adulthood Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder among Iranian Elite Athletes
(Brieflands, 2021-05-31) Parisa Rakei; Mohammad VaezMousavi; Zahra Pooraghaei Ardakani
Prediction of Mental Well-being and General Health Based on Perceived Stress and Body Image with Mediating the Role of Self-compassion in Women Athletes in Tehran
(Brieflands, 2021-05-31) Shadi Khabiri; Afsaneh Taheri; Khadijeh Abolmaali
Objective: This study aimed to predict mental well-being and general health based on perceived stress and body image with mediating the role of self-compassion in women athletes in Tehran.Methods: This descriptive correlational study was performed using structural equations. The statistical population included all female athletes who referred to sports clubs in Tehran. In this study, 250 women were selected by the convenience sampling method. Participants responded to questionnaire forms specified for measuring mental well-being, general health, self-compassion, body image, and perceived stress scale using a website link. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation, and path analysis using SPSS and PLS software statistical packages.Results: In general, path analysis showed that self-compassion could not mediate the path between perceived stress and mental well-being. However, it mediated the path of body image to well-being. Besides, self-compassion did not mediate the perceived ester pathway to public health and body image to public health.Conclusion: According to the results, it is concluded that strategies reducing self-compassion are able to provide a better body image and increase the mental well-being of women athletes.
Age-related Reductions in Manual Asymmetry with Increased Visuospatial Demands
(Brieflands, 2021-08-31) Tania Flink; Jose Matos
Background: Many factors influence manual asymmetry during goal-directed motor tasks, but it is unclear how the manipulation of visuospatial information influences laterality in hand control in aging adults.Objective: To examine age-related changes in manual asymmetry with increased visuospatial processing demands.Methods: Twenty young (M = 20.8, SD = 3 years) and 20 older (M = 69.9, SD = 6 years) right-handed adults participated in a motor task which required pieces to be inserted into spatially mapped holes (Task 1), and a motor plus visuospatial task (Task 2), where the pieces to be inserted were not spatially mapped with the holes. Manual asymmetry was determined using the laterality quotient (LQ), which was computed using time to completion.Results: Dominant right-hand performance was observed for Task 1 for young adults (LQ = 3.91) and older adults (LQ = 5.14), but for Task 2 a more balanced performance between the hands was found for older adults (LQ = -0.73) versus young adults (LQ = 6.53), p < 0.05.Conclusions: The reduction in manual asymmetry in Task 2 with age is most likely due to the added demands from increased visuospatial processing, which differentially influenced movement control in older compared to young adults.
The Effect of Physical Activity with Different Levels of Cognitive Load on Executive Control Network of Attention in Youth
(Brieflands, 2021-11-30) mahta eskandarnejad; Fahimeh Rezaei
Background: Physical and cognitive activities have positive effects on cognitive functions, but have been rarely applied in combination. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of physical activity with different levels of cognitive load on executive control network of attention in youth.Methods: 30 sedentary female students with an average age 22.63 ± 1.92 years were selected by convenience sampling and divided into three groups (physical activity without cognitive load, physical activity with cognitive load and control). The experimental groups practiced training program specific to groups for 16 sessions, but the control group performed their daily activities. Participants performed Attention Networks Test before and after the training program. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA in the significant level of 0.05.Results: The results of statistical test showed no a significant difference between the scores of the three groups in executive control network of attention.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that physical activity with and without cognitive load does not have a significant effect on the efficiency of the executive control network of attention in young people.
The Effect of Restricted Hip Extension on Muscle Activity During Functional Movements
(Brieflands, 2023-11-30) Sarah C. Martinez-Sepanski; Angela S. Bowman; Kelton Mehls
Background: Hip flexor tightness is a common problem affecting both active and sedentary individuals and can lead to the development of movement deficiencies potentially resulting in altered muscle activity around the hip joint. The overhead squat, inline lunge, and single leg step-up are common functional movements used to asses for movement deficiencies. The purpose of the study was to compare surface electromyography (sEMG) in the rectus femoris (RF), gluteus maximus (GM), biceps femoris (RF), and semitendinosus (ST) muscles and GM:BF co-activation ratio during the over-head squat, in-line lunge, and step-up between healthy females with and without hip flexor tightness. Methods: Participants were screened for hip flexor tightness using the modified Thomas Test and classified into a tight hip flexor and non-tight hip flexor group. Muscle activity data was collected using sEMG on the RF, GM, BF, and ST muscles during three functional movements: The over-head squat, in-line lunge, and step-up. Results: There were no statically significant differences in muscles between those with hip flexor tightness and healthy controls during the three tested movements. However, those with hip flexor tightness displayed greater hamstring utilization during all movements (Hedges g = 0.37 - 0.73). Conclusions: Those who have hip flexor tightness appear to adopt a more hamstring-based movement strategy to complete functional movements. More research is warranted to determine the extent to which hip flexor tightness affects functional movement patterns and muscle activity surrounding the hip joint.
Comparison of The Effect of a Selected Training Period and Core Stability on Object Control Skills in 4-6 Years Old Children
(Brieflands, 2021-11-30) Meysam Ghaedy; Robabeh Rostami; Majid Chahardah Cherik; Fariba Khoshbakht
Background: Fundamental motor skills form the basis of the development of sports skills. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of a selected training period and core stability on child object control skills.Method: The statistical population of this study included all the 4-6-year-old boy children in the kindergarten schools and preschools of Shiraz during in the academic year 1397-98. 45 individuals were randomly divided into three groups (15 in control group, 15 in experimental group and 15 in core stability training group). The research method was quasi-experimental and the research design was pretest-posttest with control group. In this study, the TGMD2 test was used. Shapiro–Wilk test was used to check the natural distribution of data. Data were analyzed using MANCOVA. P ≤ 0.05 was considered as the level of significance.Results: The results showed that selected exercises and core stability can improve object control skills. The results showed that selected exercises and core stability can improve object control skills.Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study, it can be recommended to improve the basic skills of children, especially their object control skills, by designing selected exercises and central stability and implementing them during school hours.
Physical Fitness and Body Composition among People with Mild Level Intellectually Impairment, with and without Additional Disabilities: A Cross-sectional Study
(Brieflands, 2022-11-30) Fariba Mohammadi; Mahdi Bayati; Mohammad Bayattork
Background: Having an additional impairment similar to Down Syndrome (DS) might increase defects in motor development in people with intellectual impairments (II) and, therefore, affect their physical fitness and body composition. Thus, this study compared the physical fitness and body composition of people with II who did not have additional impairments with those who had additional impairment.
Does Swimming Moderate the Negative Effects of Maternal Deprivation on Hippocampal BDNF Levels, Spatial Learning and Motor Function?
(Brieflands, 2023-05-31) Mozhgan Abdollahzadeh; Shahzad Tahmasebi Boroujeni; Elahe Arabameri
Background: Previous research has emphasized the negative impact of early maternal deprivation on learning and memory. On the other hand, the role of training on cognition has been examined. However, whether neonates are given exercise at the same time as being deprived of their mothers is a novelty of this research. We also considered the study of underlying mechanisms, such as the study of changes in BDNF levels. So, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of swimming training on spatial learning, memory and motor function in male rats under early deprivation.
Effect of an Acute Bout of Low-, Moderate-, and High-Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Immediate and Delayed Fractionated Response Time
(Brieflands, 2023-08-31) Danielle R. Martineau; Ronald Victor Croce; Wayne Smith
Background: Information processing and cognition can be enhanced in various ways. The present study investigated the role of three intensities of aerobic exercise (low intensity [LIE], moderate intensity [MIE], high intensity [HIE]) on information processing speed using a response time paradigm.
Investigating Physical and Psychological Interventions on the Performance and Bold Behavior of Elite Kung Fu Fighters
(Brieflands, 2023-02-28) Zahra Bayat; Amin Azimkhani; Seyed Mohammad Kazem Vaez Mousavi
Background: The aims and all the aspects related to the assessment, will be taken into consideration, together to that can have a positive effect on performance, allowing each athlete, team and coach a good workout or match, whatever their competitive level. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of physical and psychological interventions on the performance and bold behavior of elite Kung Fu fighters.
Examining Impulse-Variability Theory and the Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off in Children's Kicking Performance
(Brieflands, 2023-08-31) Sergio L. Molina; David F. Stodden
Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the applicability of impulse-variability theory and the speed-accuracy trade-off in children’s kicking performance.
Reduce Depth Perception Error by Viewing 3D Images Compared to 2D Images
(Brieflands, 2021-11-30) Hossein Mafi; Shahzad Tahmasebi Boroujeni
Background: Depth perception is a visual component that allows individuals to judge accurately the distance of objects and it is involved in many of the motor skills involved in locating, hitting and grasping to objects. Therefore, evaluating interventions to improve depth perception can be effective in increasing motor skills efficiency.Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of viewing 2D and 3D images on the depth perception of female athletes’ students.Methods: The participants were 30 female students of the Faculty of Physical Education of the University of Tehran (with an average age of 21±2 years) who participated in the research in an accessible way. The instrument used was the B122 Depth Electrical Testing Device. First, all participants were given a pre-test of depth perception (5 trials). Then the participants were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 persons (control group, two-dimensional image group, and three-dimensional image group). After intervention, post-test of depth perception was performed.Results: Results showed that the difference between the post-test scores of depth perception at the error level of 0.05 was significant (P = 0.012). Also, the three-dimensional image group showed less error in the depth perception test than the two-dimensional image group (P = 0.003).Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, 3D displays can be used as a tool to facilitate the educational process of sports disciplines that require high depth perception.
The Neurophysiological Effect of Attentional Focus as a Function of Expertise in Postural Task
(Brieflands, 2021-11-30) Ali Ashraf Jamshidi; Ali Pashabadi
Background: Examining effects of attention on motor performance at the neurophysiological level, considering the skill level, seems there are still ambiguities.Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to examine the neurophysiological effect of Attentional Focus on in postural task as a function of skill level. The performance (postural sways) and muscular activity changes was recorded shift concurrently in two attentional conditions.Methods: 20 gymnasts (19-26 Years old) participated and assigned to groups of skilled (10 years’ experience) and novices (3-5 years history of training in Gymnastics). All participant of both groups performed ten trails of semi-dynamic balance (10 seconds) in tow conditions of internal and external focus in a counterbalanced order. Postural sways were measured using Biodex Stabilometer and Electromyography (EMG) signals of Tibalis Anterior and Soleus muscles recorded using ME6000 device. Data were data were analyzed using 2×2 mixed ANOVA.Results: Results showed higher performance (less postural sways) and reduced EMG under external focus condition for novices and lower EMG activity for experts.Conclusion: Research findings (enhanced performance and reduced EMG) support Constraint action hypothesis. Focus of attention can have profound effects on motor behavior and the underlying neurophysiologic factors regardless of skill level but in behavioral level of analyze it effects depended on expertise.
Comparison of Decision-making and Visual Search Behavior of Expert and Novice Players in Position of 5 vs. 5 Attacks
(Brieflands, 2022-02-28) mazaher rahimpour; Seyed Mohammad Kazem Vaez Mosavi; Mehrnoosh Bahmani; Amir Shams
Comparison of Personality Characteristics of Athletes in Team and Individual Sport
(Brieflands, 2020-02-29) Mahdi Mollazadeh; Hassan Gharayagh Zandi; Mohammadjavad Rostamizadeh
The Effectiveness of Physical Activity on Mental Health and Mindfulness in Veterans and Disabled
(Brieflands, 2022-02-28) sajad parsaei; Ali Asghar Arastoo; Shahla Zahednejad; Nasrin Teymoori
Background: Physical Activity as a fundamental basis, generally for everyone in the community and particularly important for disabled people. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Physical Activity on mental health and mindfulness in veterans and disabled people.Methods: The method of this research is descriptive-correlational. 100 veteran and disabled athletes and 100 veterans and non-athlete disabled participated in this research among disability institutions and rehabilitation centers in Ahvaz. The instrument used in this study was an international physical activity, mental health and mindfulness questionnaire.Results: The mean age was in the athlete group (29.87 ± 3.88) and in the non-athlete group (28.25 ± 3.55). The results of independent t-test showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups, which shows the positive effect of activity on mental health and mindfulness variables in veterans and disabled athletes compared to non-athletes. It was also found that physical activity variable predicts two variables of mental health and mindfulness in veterans and the disabled. Multiple correlation coefficient was equal to MR = 0.879 and determination coefficient was equal to R2 = 0.772 which was significant at P

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