Brieflands Library :: Browsing by Author "Bahman Cheraghian"

Browsing by Author "Bahman Cheraghian"

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Assessing Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Parents Towards Physical Activity of Children with Asthma Referring to Ahvaz Teaching Hospitals
(Brieflands, 2018-01-31) Farkhondeh Koshapor; Shahnaz Rostami; Houshang Alijani Renani; Bahman Cheraghian
Background: Parents are the primary caregivers and their positive knowledge, attitude, and practices play an important role in children’s future vision. Objectives: This study aimed to determine knowledge, attitude, and practices of parents of asthmatic children about physical activities in patients referred to teaching hospitals in Ahvaz during 2016. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 118 parents of children with asthma, admitted to the pediatric wards of teaching hospitals in Ahvaz, were selected by non-randomized consecutive method according to the inclusion criteria (P = 0.5, and d = 0.09). A researcher-made questionnaire (demographic information, knowledge, attitude, and practices of parents) was given to 20 parents after calculating cvr, cvi, and reliability confirmation through test-retest method by 10 professors. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and ANOVA. Management and data analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical software. Results: The results showed that the knowledge of 61.01% of parents was ideal and 38.13% intermediate, attitude of 51.69% was ideal and 48.30% neutral, and practices of 53.38% was ideal and 46.61% was intermediate towards physical activity in children with asthma. There was a significant association between the level of knowledge and attitude of parents with educational level (P = 0.0001), severity of asthma (P = 0.049), and duration of asthma (P = 0.049). Conclusion: Overall, knowledge, attitude, and practices of parents on physical activities, such as swimming and gymnastics, was poor and it is suggested that parents be advised towards more allowed sports activities in children with asthma.
Association of Serum Vitamin D and Total Antioxidant Capacity Levels With Stress and Anxiety in Young Female Students
(Brieflands, 2017-06-30) Samira Hashemi; Reza Amani; Bahman Cheraghian; Sorour Neamatpour; Mohammadreza Afsharmanesh
Background: Some studies have investigated the relationship between vitamin D and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) with psychiatric disorders. However, it seems that results were contradictory and also studies on stress and anxiety, as two common symptoms of psychiatric disorders, were limited. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between stress and anxiety with serum vitamin D and TAC. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 45 non-depressed female students with some degrees of stress and anxiety and 45 controls with no measurable depression, stress or anxiety as the control group at Jundishapur University dorms from April to June 2014. Self-administered questionnaires including food frequency and depression, anxiety and stress scales (DASS-21) were used to assess the dietary patterns and psychological assessment, respectively. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were also measured. Results: Serum concentrations of vitamin D were significantly higher in the control group (P = 0.002) and increasing each unit of vitamin could reduce the risk of stress and anxiety for 3.33%. TAC levels showed no significant differences between the groups. Consumption of hydrogenated fats increased the risk of stress and anxiety (odds ratio (OR) = 1.53, P = 0.019). Conclusions: Low vitamin D levels may be associated with higher stress and anxiety. Consumption of hydrogenated fats is associated with higher scores of stress/anxiety. No relationship was observed between total antioxidant concentrations with mood disorders in young female students.
Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Kawasaki Disease
(Brieflands, 2014-08-01) Ahmad Shamsizadeh; Tahereh Ziaei Kajbaf; Maryam Razavi; Bahman Cheraghian
Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute multisystem vascular syndrome of unknown etiology that is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children of developed counties. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of KD in children residing in the southwest of Iran. Patients and Methods: In this retrospective study, we reviewed the medical records of all children with KD who had been admitted to the main children’s hospital of Ahvaz, southwest Iran, from March 2000 to March 2010. Data regarding clinical and epidemiological characteristics, management, and the outcome of disease for each patient were obtained. The patients were divided into cardiac and non-cardiac groups based on echocardiographic results. Results: In total, 104 patients with KD (66 boys and 38 girls) were enrolled in this study. The male to female ratio was 1.7:1. The mean ± SD age of the patients was 33.6 ± 24.2 months. Most (87.2%) cases were from urban areas. The disease occurred more frequently during winter and spring. Furthermore, 61.5% of the children had the criteria of classic KD, and 38.5% were labeled as incomplete KD. The mean ± SD of the duration of hospital stay was 6.9 ± 2.4 days. The mean time between illness and admission to the hospital was 6.47 ± 2.6 days. The most common sign was fever, followed by conjunctivitis and oral changes. In total, 20% of the patients had cardiac abnormalities. There was no significant statistical difference between the cardiac and non-cardiac groups according to age, sex, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and cessation of fever. The duration of hospital stay and the time between onset of illness and diagnosis were longer in the cardiac group. All patients received intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin. Only one patient continued to have cardiac abnormalities after 6 months of follow-up. Conclusions: Kawasaki disease is not rare in southwest of Iran. The age, gender distribution and clinical findings are similar to that of other reports. Patients with cardiac abnormalities had delayed treatment and prolonged hospital stays.
Comparison of critical thinking skills between continuous licentiate and bachelor- licentiate nursing students of Abadan nursing faculty in 2008
(Brieflands, 2012-05-07) Nourolla Tahery; Bahman Cheraghian; Tahareh Esmaiili; Hoda Mohammadi; Jalile Aboodi
Introduction: Critical thinking skills as thinking and judging self-regulation are purposeful and result in solving problems and making appropriate decisions. Therefore, the importance of this subject and its role in the nursing profession and the clinical decision, this study was done to compare critical thinking skills of nursing students in continuous licentiate and bachelor- licentiate admissions.
Design of Indigenous ELISA Using Tachyzoites from the RH Strain of Toxoplasma gondii and Comparison with Commercial Kits in Ahvaz, Southwest of Iran, 2015
(Brieflands, 2016-10-01) Niloofar Mohammadpour; Jasem Saki; Abdollah Rafiei; Ali Khodadadi; Mehdi Tavalla; Bahman Cheraghian
Background: Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common causes of latent infections in humans worldwide. Detecting anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in serum using serological tests is a common method to diagnose toxoplasmosis. Objectives: In the present study, an indigenous ELISA kit was prepared using tachyzoites from the RH strain of T. gondii, and its sensitivity and specificity were compared with those of commercial kits. Methods: To produce antigens, 0.02 mL of locally isolated T. gondii RH strain parasites along with 109 tachyzoites were injected into the peritoneal cavities of 50 laboratory mice (BALB/C). Parasites were collected after 4 days. After filtering and washing, the concentration of protein in sonicated tachyzoites was calculated using the Lowry protein assay. The dilution of antigen, serum and alkaline phosphatase conjugate was assessed in designing an indigenous ELISA method; then ELISA was performed based on these dilutions, and its sensitivity was determined using 200 serum samples. In addition, the specificity of the assay was evaluated using 40 serum samples from patients with tuberculosis, leukemia or hydatid cyst. Results: Indigenous ELISA was used to examine 100 serum samples containing anti-T. gondii IgG, with a sensitivity of 98% (commercial kits: 100%). Another 100 serum samples containing anti-T. gondii IgM were also tested, with a sensitivity of 99% (commercial kits: 100%). When 40 serum samples from patients with leukemia, hydatid cyst or tuberculosis were examined using anti-T. gondii IgG, the specificity was 100%, identical to commercial kits. However, the specificity of a similar test with anti-T. gondii IgM was just 28.6% for serum samples from leukemia patients, 21.4% for hydatid cyst and 16.7% for tuberculosis. Conclusions: We found that purified locally isolated soluble crude antigens of the RH strain of T. gondii from the peritoneal cavity of mice may be one of the most promising antigens for detection of human toxoplasmosis in routine screening.
The Effect of Entrepreneurship Education on Self-efficacy Belief and Entrepreneurial Intention of Midwifery Graduates
(Brieflands, 2025-04-30) Nahal Kaabnezhadian; Simin Jahani; Bahman Cheraghian; Mitra Tadayon Najafabadi
Background: Today, the need for entrepreneurial graduates and students has increased, and the goal of many prestigious universities in the world is to teach entrepreneurship to students and, as a result, deliver entrepreneurial graduates to society. Accordingly, cultivating the entrepreneurial talent of graduates as a national agenda for the development of entrepreneurship has attracted the attention of policymakers and universities in countries. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of entrepreneurship education on self-efficacy beliefs and entrepreneurial intention of midwifery graduates. Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental study. The statistical population of the study consisted of 76 midwifery undergraduates who graduated in the 2017 - 2018 academic year, who were divided into two groups using block randomization, including the intervention group (38 people) and the control group (38 people). Sherer's General Self-efficacy Scale and the Liñán and Chen Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using parametric and nonparametric tests, including independent and paired t-tests, Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, and chi-square tests, using SPSS version 23 software. Results: The results of the study showed that the average score of the "entrepreneurial intention" variable in the intervention group changed from 143 ± 2 to 243 ± 1.02 in the pre-training stages compared to before, and from 142 ± 4 to 196 ± 1 in the control group, which in both groups had a significant difference between the values before and after the training (P < 0.0001). In the intervention group, the self-efficacy belief score before and after the educational intervention was 45 ± 2 and 84 ± 0, respectively, which was significant difference. In the control group, the self-efficacy belief score were 45 ± 2 and 40 ± 0, respectively, which also was statistically significant difference (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: The present study indicates that entrepreneurship education is effective on midwives' self-efficacy beliefs and entrepreneurial intentions. Since midwifery students are considered the best asset for promoting an entrepreneurial culture, the findings of the present study can be used to design and enrich the entrepreneurship curriculum and empower students to promote an entrepreneurial culture.
Evaluating the Knowledge and Practice of Physicians Regarding Blastocystis hominis
(Brieflands, 2023-01-31) Maryam Fasihi Karami; Molouk Beiromvand; Abdollah Rafiei; Bahman Cheraghian; Ehsan Beigzadeh
Background: Blastocystis hominis is an enteric protozoan in humans and animals. This survey aimed to assess the knowledge and practice of physicians about B. hominis. Methods: This study was performed on physicians working in Ahvaz County, using a convenience sampling method from January to June 2020. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and an electronic questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were calculated for all variables. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Our results showed that of the 352 physicians, 64.2% and 58.0% knew that B. hominis might cause abdominal pain and diarrhea, respectively, but their knowledge was poor about the possibility of extraintestinal clinical symptoms such as urticaria. Regarding the transmission route, 91.8% agreed that the fecal-oral route is the main mode of B. hominis transmission, but only 17.9% were aware of the role of host animals in its transmission. Furthermore, the physicians had poor knowledge of the need to treat symptomatic patients and resistance to metronidazole in some cases. More than two-thirds of the physicians (68%) had good practice treating infected immunocompromised patients but had poor practice treating symptomatic patients. Conclusions: This study emphasizes improving physicians’ knowledge of pathogenicity, clinical symptoms, and treating B. hominis. Since B. hominis is a common protozoan with pathogenic potential, we recommend training sessions for physicians to inform them of new findings about B. hominis.
Evaluation of False Negative Among SARS-COV-2 Patients with Negative Real-time PCR Result Using Nested-RT PCR
(Brieflands, 2022-06-30) Mastaneh Alinezhadi; Niloofar Neisi; Mojtaba Rasti; Maniya Arshadi; Mehdi Parsanahad; Bahman Cheraghian
Background: Fast and precise detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in clinical samples and subsequent quarantine are two critical factors in preventing virus transmission and distribution through the community. The false-negative result is a major problem in the SARS-CoV-2 detection because of the kind of sample (swab sample), sampling error, and sensitivity of PCR test, which can be reduced by a much more sensitive test such as nested PCR. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the false-negative rate among samples that were negative by a real-time PCR test using RT-nested PCR. Methods: One hundred eighty-four negative samples were included in the study, and nucleic acid was extracted using a commercial kit based on a silica filter column and then subjected to RT-nested PCR using three sets of primers targeting Orf1ab, N, and RdRp regions. Results: Among 184 negative swab samples for SARS-CoV-2, 27 (14.6%) cases were positive for the Orf1ab gene using RT-nested PCR. The samples were tested using N and RdRp primer sets. Also, seven (3.8%) cases were positive for the N gene, and four (2.1%) cases were positive for the RdRp gene. Conclusions: The results indicated that RT-nested PCR could be more sensitive than real-time PCR and reduce the false-negative rate.
Evaluation of Happiness in Breast Cancer Patients Referring to Hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran
(Brieflands, 2019-04-30) Sarah Karampour; Malek Fereidooni Moghadam; Kourosh Zarea; Reza Masoudi; Bahman Cheraghian
Background: Breast cancer is a horrific event for many women, creating psychological and social challenges. Therefore, identifying the moderators of these challenges, including happiness, is of paramount importance. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the happiness level in breast cancer patients referring to the hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran, in 2015 - 2016. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 118 breast cancer women who referred to the hospitals in Ahvaz. A non-probability consecutive sampling method was used to select the participants. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire was used for data collection. Results: The mean happiness score of the participants was 40.45 ± 16.20, and most participants (56.8%) had a moderate happiness level. There were no significant associations between demographic data and therapeutic characteristics and the happiness level of the subjects (P > 0.05). Conclusions: According to the results, the majority of the subjects had a moderate level of happiness. Given the importance of mental health of cancer patients in the whole treatment process, it is suggested that some concepts of positive psychology, including happiness, be evaluated and considered during the treatment process of these patients.
Evaluation of Three Protocols of DNA Extraction for Detection of Giardia duodenalis in Human Fecal Specimens
(Brieflands, 2018-04-30) Fatemeh Asgarian; Mehdi Tavalla; Ali Teimoori; Nozhat Zebardast; Bahman Cheraghian
Background: Nowadays a number of methods are used for the extraction of genomic DNA from fecal specimens. Identification and selection of an effective DNA extraction method is considered as one of the most important steps in molecular assays of Giardia duodenalis. Objectives: We compared the effects of 3 different DNA extraction techniques in PCR amplification of a specific area of SSU rRNA gene. Methods: A total of 20 fecal samples containing purified cysts were aliquoted in 3 sub-samples. DNA extraction was performed using the Phenol-Chloroform Isoamyl alcohol (PCI), QIAamp DNA stool mini kit, and YTA Stool DNA Isolation mini Kit. The quantity and purity of extracted DNA were compared. The potency of extracted DNA was tested. Results: The results showed that the most concentrated DNA was obtained from phenol/chloroform/Isoamyl alcohol method and the best purity based on comparing the ratio of A260/230 was obtained from QIAamp DNA stool mini kit. In this study the diagnostic sensitivity of QIAamp DNA stool mini kit, phenol/chloroform/Isoamyl alcohol, and YTA Stool DNA Isolation mini Kit methods was 60%, 70%, and 60%, respectively. Conclusions: The application of a proper DNA extraction method leads to obtaining reliable and reproducible results in molecular assays and supports treatment and control strategies of G. duodenalis. In this study, PCR amplification targeting a 350-bp fragment of SSUrRNA gene demonstrated phenol/chloroform/Isoamyl alcohol as the most efficient method.
Hepatitis B Virus and Cytomegalovirus Infections Disrupt Sperm Parameters in Males through Decreasing Mitochondrial Membrane Potential: A Case-control Study
(Brieflands, 2022-07-31) Niloofar Neisi; Rahil Noorbakhsh; Mahmood Hashemitabar; Mahsa Afroogh; Bahman Cheraghian
Background: Infertility is a global problem that affects more than 15% of couples. The occurrence of this problem is about 50% in males. Viral infections cause infertility in men by different mechanisms. Objectives: This study is designed to evaluate the effects of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection on male fertility and determine the mechanisms involved. Methods: A total of 73 males were included in the present study. They were assigned to the groups healthy fertile (n = 22 volunteers) as the healthy controls, non-infected infertile (n = 27), HBV-infected infertile (n = 14), and CMV-infected infertile (n = 10). The sperm parameters, including count, morphology, progressive motility (PR), and progressive + non-progressive motility (PR + NP), were analyzed in their semen. The semen samples of all studied participants were subjected to polymerase chain reaction to determine the presence of HBV or CMV infection. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were also assessed. Results: Our findings showed that all sperm parameters, including count, morphology, PR, and PR + NP, decreased in males with HBV and CMV infections compared to the healthy control group (P < 0.01 in all cases). Mitochondrial membrane potential declined in HBV- and CMV-infected males compared to the healthy control group (P < 0.001). Conversely, the TNF-α level of semen in HBV- and CMV-infected men was significantly higher than in the healthy control group (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrated that HBV and CMV infections lead to male infertility through increasing TNF-α and decreasing sperm MMP.
The Impact of Educational Package of Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome on the Knowledge and Attitudes of Primary School Teachers of Dezful City in 2016
(Brieflands, 2018-07-31) Elham Gharibi Hayavi; Shahnaz Rostami; Hushang Alijani; Bahman Cheraghian
Objectives: This study has been conducted with the objective of investigating the impact of educational packages of prevention of metabolic syndrome on knowledge and attitude of primary school teachers. Methods: The study is in kind of quasi experimental research. In this study, according to the Cochran formula, sampling was done using easy non-random sampling method from the selected schools of Dezful city. The participants were randomly divided into two experimental (n = 72) and control (n = 72) groups. Division of selected individuals to each studied group was done using block random method and using 6-member blocks. Then, both groups fulfilled the researcher-made questionnaire (knowledge and attitude associated with metabolic syndrome) with previously proved validity and reliability. The experimental group was exposed to educations related to prevention of metabolic syndrome (intervention) through educational package. After that, the intervention group was allowed for 1 month to use new skills. Then, the obtained data were analyzed statistically in SPSS-22. Results: According to the obtained results, the mean age range of participants in the intervention group is 39.5 and it is equal to 37.5 years old in the control group. A majority of participants were female (intervention: 61.1 and control: 87.5%). In terms of education level, a majority of participants had a post-diploma and BA degree (intervention: 84.7 and control: 74.6%). A majority of sample individuals were married (intervention: 61.1 and control: 69.4%). In terms of job status, a majority of participants were teachers (intervention: 65.3 and control: 61.1%) and a majority of students in this study were in grade 6 of primary school (intervention: 44.4 and control: 48.6%). According to obtained results, the mean value of knowledge of intervention group was significantly higher than their values before the intervention (P < 0.0001); although the values showed no significant difference in the control group (P = 0.083). Moreover, mean values of the attitude of the intervention group was significantly higher than values before intervention (P < 0.0001) and no significant difference was observed in the control group (P = 0.093). Moreover, the mean values of knowledge and attitudes between two intervention and control groups showed significant difference (P < 0.0001). It means that the values of attitude and knowledge in the intervention group increased higher than the control group (P < 0.098). Conclusions: Teachers and other educational employees facing a wide range of students and their health and promotion of knowledge and attitude towards the health of students through various methods such as educational packages could help modification of behaviors associated with health of students in all dimensions, especially physical dimension.
The Relationship Between Unwanted Pregnancy with Mother and Father Attachment to Infant
(Brieflands, 2017-12-31) Yosra Sayahi; Nahid Javadifar; Bahman Cheraghian; Miaad Sayahi; Pourandokht Afshari
Background and Objectives: Parents’ attachment is a strong and fundamental indicator in the formation of infant secure attachment and provides a model for the present-future emotional-social functioning. Since the unwanted pregnancy has harmful consequences for the health of the mother and the child and can affect the attachment of the parent to infant, this study was to determine the relationship between unwanted pregnancy and parental attachment in Ahvaz city. Methods: The sample consisted of 320 couple (320 mothers and 320 fathers) who have visited the healthcare centers for their 2 to 6-month-old infants. The data were collected through Muller (for mothers), Condon (for fathers), and demographic-reproductive questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 24. Findings: According to the scores of two distinct questionnaires, the father attachment mean score in the group of unwanted was obtained 68.43 ± 15.5, and 79.77 ± 10.63 in the group of wanted. The mother attachment mean score was obtained 87.51 ± 5.13 in the group of unwanted and, 97.33 ± 7.91 in the group of wanted. There was a significant difference in father’s and mother’s attachment scores between the two groups of wanted and unwanted pregnancy (P < 0.001). Based on the multivariate regression, variables of unwanted pregnancy, general marital satisfaction, spouse-to-child attachment, and children numbers, were determined as the effective predicting variables on the attachment of mothers and fathers. Conclusions: To improve parental attachment regarding parents exposed with this type of pregnancy, serious attention should be given to the issue of unwanted pregnancies through making decisions about giving training and consultation services to the parents in healthcare centers.
Seroprevalence of Anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM among Pregnant Women of Shush County, Southwest of Iran
(Brieflands, 2018-01-31) Somayeh Fallahizadeh; Ali Jelowdar; Forough Kazemi; Bahman Cheraghian
Background: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that causes toxoplasmosis. T. gondii can cause serious pathological effects in the fetus of infected women. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM among pregnant women of Shush county, southwest of Iran. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 276 pregnant women. IgG and IgM antibodies of T. gondii were measured by the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. SPSS version 21 statistical software was used for data analysis and Chi-square test for significant differences. Results: Of 276 women, 85 (30.8%) and 2 (0.7%) were positive for IgG and IgM, respectively. Of 146 urban women, 43 (29.5%) were positive for IgG and of 130 rural women, 42 (32.3%) were positive for IgG. There was no significant difference between rural and urban women for IgG antibody (P > 0.05). Also, 2 (1.4%) out of 146 urban women were positive for IgM. All of the 130 rural women were negative for IgM. No significant difference was found between rural and urban women for IgM antibody (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The findings indicated there is a relatively high prevalence of T. gondii in the study pregnant women. Therefore, evaluation of T. gondii before marriage and pregnancy is important for women and the health authorities of Shush County must pay more attention to control and prevention of the transmission of the parasite to individuals.
Survey of the Relationship Between Mother’s Chronic Diseases and Low Birth Weight in Infants, Ahvaz, South of Iran, 2014
(Brieflands, 2017-04-30) Marzieh Monjezi; Shahnaz Rostami; Mehrnaz Moradi Kal Boland; Bahman Cheraghian
Background: Birth weight is the most important indicator of infant’s health, and this critical index is directly related to mother’s health. Hence, knowledge of the maternal chronic disease before and during the pregnancy can be considered as an effective factor in maintaining the infant’s ideal weight. Babies with low birth weight are more susceptible to risks such as disabilities of neurological, respiratory diseases and sudden infant death syndrome. Therefore, identifying and modifying the risk factors can control and prevent low birth weight. Objectives: This study was performed to determine the association between mothers’ chronic diseases and low birth weight in infants. Methods: In this descriptive study, 1500 infants from 12 health centers in east and west areas of Ahvaz were selected using the random cluster sampling method. The developed researcher checklist was used for data gathering. The data was analyzed with SPSS version 20, using descriptive indexes and Chi-square, t-test and ANOVA while P ≤ 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The prevalence of LBW in Ahvaz from the beginning to the end of the year 2015 has been 9.5%. There is a significant relationship between the cardiovascular disease before pregnancy (P ≤ 0.003), anemia before pregnancy (P ≤ 0.001), hypertensive pregnancy (P ≤ 0.001), urinary tract infection during pregnancy (P ≤ 0.001), gestational diabetic in the mother (P ≤ 0.003) and LBW. Conclusions: Our study showed that many mothers' schronic disease such as cardiovascular disease, anemia, hypertensive, gestational diabetic and UTI have relationship with LBW. Therefore it seems essential to design and implement a detailed antenatal care program for mothers with chronic disease to reduce LBW, infant mortality and defects.

Browsing by Author "Bahman Cheraghian"

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