Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research

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Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research ( AMHSR) is a peer-reviewed middle-eastern medical journal publishing in all clinical and theoretical aspects of medicine scientific reports of original research in such areas as medical economic policy, medical ethics, and managing healthcare systems are also considered for publication. AMHSR is published quarterly and is the official journal of Aja University of Medical Sciences.
Its content includes original research, brief communication, expert and systematic reviews, case reports, case series, letter to the editor, and technical innovation with the aim of promoting new advances in the field and enhancing standards of professional practice. Also, reviews of newly published books and articles are welcomed. In addition, historical articles which discuss the remarkable history of medicine all over the world, especially the Persian and Egyptian medicine, are of special merit.

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 385

The Effect of Endurance Training with Crocin Consumption on the Levels of AMPK and NRF1 Gene Expression in the Soleus Muscles of Diabetic Rats
(Brieflands, 2021-06-30) Abdolnabi Peyravi; Hashem Nayeri; Nasrin Yazdanpanahi; Seyed Ali Hosseini
Background: Exercise training and crocin, as a herbal antioxidant, help improve metabolism and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) involve in the mitochondrial biogenesis pathway and diabetes control. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and low intensity continued training (LICT) in combination with crocin consumption on AMPK and NRF1 gene expression in the muscle tissue of diabetic rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 56 adult rats were divided into eight groups (n = 7), including diabetic (crocin utilization, HIIT, LICT, HIIT with crocin, LICT with crocin, control, sham groups) and healthy control group. The HIIT and LICT groups performed five sessions of training per week for eight weeks, and the crocin consumption groups received 25 mg/kg of crocin daily for eight weeks. Moreover, AMPK and NRF1 genes expression levels were evaluated in different groups using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: According to our results, while induction of diabetes significantly decreased the levels of NRF1 and AMPK gene expression (P ≤ 0.05), training and crocin consumption significantly increased the levels of AMPK and NRF1 gene expression (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: It appears that crocin consumption along with HIIT improves diabetes symptoms through AMPK and NRF1 mechanism in diabetic rats.
Biomechanical analysis of blast-induced traumatic brain injury
(Brieflands, 2014-06-30) Mohammad Hossein Lashkari; Ata Koohian; kambiz kangarloo
Materials and Methods: To investigate the mechanical response of human brain to blast waves and to identify the injury mechanisms of TBI, a three-dimensional finite elementhead model consisting of the scalp, skull, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain was developed from the imaging data of a human head.The mechanical properties of brain tissue were obtained from the literature.
Modified Double-Layer Microsurgical Technique: Effective and Desirable Method for Vasectomy Reversal
(Brieflands, 2020-06-30) Hassan Niroomand; Mohammad-Reza Mirzaii-Dizgah
Background: Family planning is one of the important needs of reproductive health care. For years, stable, reliable, reversible, accessible, and cost-effective methods have been desirable for this purpose. Vasectomy is often considered as the most common contraceptive method, due to the highly effective reversal success rate. Objectives: With the excellent patency and pregnancy rates, the microsurgical end-to-end vasovasostomy procedure has been recognized as a more common method for vasectomy reversal. Methods: Here we reviewed and analyzed the records of our experience of Modified Double-Layer microsurgical technique (MDLT) for the vasovasostomy procedure (n = 30) compared with the Three-Layer technique (TLT) (n = 24) during 3 years. The statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS (V. 15.0), and a value of P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: In this report, 54 participants underwent TLT-VV (group 1) and MDLT-VV (group 2). There was no significant difference in the causes of vasectomy reversal between the two groups (P value = 0.392). There was no significant difference between study groups in the fertility history (P value = 0.561), the presence of a sperm granuloma (P value = 0.21), underlying diseases (P value = 0.345) and demographic characteristics. We observed a 94% (51/54) patency rate and a 40.7% (22/54) pregnancy rate without any need for Assisted Reproductive technique (ART). Conclusions: The microscopic vasectomy reversal operation brings advantages to family planning and sexual health. High throughput return fertility, without any need for ART, places this technique in the first step of family planning. It seems Modified Double-Layer technique may be considered as the first step of microscopic vasovasostomy.
Renal Squamous Cell Carcinoma due to Staghorn Kidney Stone-Case Report
(Brieflands, 2020-12-31) Hossein Dialameh; Negar Behtash; Alimohammad Fakhr Yasseri; Farshad Namdari; Farzad Biglari; Mohammad Shirekhoda
Renal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare malignancy of the urinary system, which normally spreads from its origin to the renal parenchyma. So far, various reasons, including stones, infections, and urinary tract radiotherapy have been considered for this type of malignancy. These tumors are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage; thus, the life expectancy of these patients is not long. This report tends to present a 52-year-old patient with a staghorn kidney stone and subsequent renal SCC in the right kidney.
Relationship Between Quality of Life and Sleep Quality in Resident and Nonresident Seniors in Shahroud City, Iran
(Brieflands, 2023-09-30) Elahe Bahonar; Mahdi Sadeghi; Mohammad Abbasi; Milad Elyasi; Zeinab Dabirian; Ahamd Mahdizadeh
Background: Poor quality of life (QOL) can affect sleep quality in seniors due to its wide impact on the daily functioning of individuals. The place of residence is also considered one of the important factors in the physical and mental health of seniors. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relationship between QOL and sleep quality in resident and nonresident seniors in Shahroud City. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 232 nonresident and 78 resident seniors in Shahroud City, Iran, in 2019. The participants were selected using the convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included a demographic survey, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). After data collection, data analysis was performed using ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and independent t-test in SPSS version 19. Results: There was a significant relationship between QOL (dimensions and total score) and all sleep quality dimensions (P < 0.05) except for sleep efficiency (P = 0.214) and sleep disorder with mental dimension of QOL (P = 0.092). There was no significant difference in sleep quality between resident and nonresident seniors except for the variables of sleep duration and use of sleeping pills (P = 0.34). There was also a significant difference in the QOL of the seniors in terms of age (P < 0.001), sex (P = 0.021), marital status (P < 0.001), lifestyle (P < 0.001), education (P < 0.001), and income adequacy (P = 0.023). Conclusions: Considering the strong relationship between QOL and sleep quality, implementing interventions (such as proper nutrition education, hot showers, etc.) aimed at improving sleep quality can positively affect QOL. It is also suggested to consider individual effective factors (such as more family support) to improve QOL.
The effect of whole-body vibration on vehicle driver’s reaction time and mental and physiological workload
(Brieflands, 2012-12-31) Reza Khani Jazani; Mahnaz Saremi; Amir Kavousi; Mohammad Reza Monazam; Masoume Abedi
Background: Widespread advance of new technologies, especially in transportation industry poses human encounter with whole-body vibration. Besides biomechanical and physiological effects of whole-body vibration, it also has emotional and cognitive effects. Mental fatigue is an important factor in driving that can decrease driver’s performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of whole-body vibration on vehicle driver’s reaction time, mental and physiological workload.
Thyroid Absorbed Dose from Brain CT Examinations in Different Age Groups of Pediatric Based on Monte Carlo Simulation
(Brieflands, 2024-03-31) Hossein Khosravi; Safoora Nikzad; Abbasali Karami
Background: This study was designed to assess the thyroid absorbed dose from brain computed tomography (CT) scans across various pediatric age groups, utilizing Monte-Carlo simulation and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). Methods: We used the Monte Carlo N-particle (MCNP) transport code to model the spiral CT scan of the brain and calculated the average thyroid dose for each pediatric age group. Techniques for variance reduction, such as Time cutoff, Energy cutoff, and Russian roulette, were implemented. Additionally, a cross-sectional study measured the average thyroid absorbed dose in 45 patients under 20 years using TLD dosimetry. The data were analyzed with SPSS software at a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The absorbed thyroid dose for an irradiation time of 1 second and 120 mA across the age groups 0 - 5, 6 - 10, 11 - 15, and 16 - 20 years for boys was 4.165 ± 0.028, 3.802 ± 0.036, 3.861 ± 0.031, and 3.021 ± 0.029 mGy, respectively, and for girls, it was 4.185 ± 0.024, 3.852 ± 0.044, 4.052 ± 0.028, and 4.072 ± 0.047 mGy, respectively. For a dose of 110 mAs, the results for boys were 3.711 ± 0.037, 3.660 ± 0.026, 3.251 ± 0.019, and 3.204 ± 0.031 mGy, respectively, and for girls were 3.882 ± 0.040, 3.842 ± 0.032, 3.412 ± 0.026, and 3.619 ± 0.029 mGy, respectively (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Comparing these results with experimental studies indicates the feasibility of using less computationally intensive methods. The thyroid dose received by girls was higher than that for boys, aligning with findings from experimental studies and other research.
The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Reducing Psychological Symptoms, Meta-Worry and Thought Fusion of Multiple Sclerosis Patients
(Brieflands, 2016-03-30) Azadeh Mahdavi; Kamran Yazdanbakhsh; Maisam Sharif
Purpose: Multiple sclerosis is a progressive neurological disease and a cause of many disabilities in individuals. Set of symptoms and the chronic nature of this disease, together impair the mental state of the person and cause awidervariety of psychological symptoms worsening the disease. Therefor, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness psychological symptoms, meta-worry and thought fusion in patients suffering from Multiple sclerosis. Materials and Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental research in which pretest, post test and control group designs were used. The population included all patients recognized having multiple sclerosis admitted to the Multiple sclerosis Society of Kermanshah, among whom 24 people were chosenusing random sampling for both experimental and control groups. The instruments of study were the Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Fatigue Severity Scale, Meta-worry Questionnaire, Thought Fusion Inventory and the mindfulnessbased cognitive therapy package. Results: The results of the study showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy effectively lowers the rates of depression, anxiety, meta-worry and thought fusion in patients with Multiple sclerosis but is not effective in reducing fatigue severity in these patients. Conclusion: Although drug treatments are effective in relieving the symptoms of Multiple sclerosis, they conversely accompany with a lot of side effects. Thus, the implicit orientation of this study suggests that the variables of depression, anxiety, meta-worry and thought fusion can significantly be improved as the result ofmindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Health authorities in this area should try to consider this therapy as a complementary therapy in the afore mentioned patients.
The association between neck circumference and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with acute coronary syndrome
(Brieflands, 2014-09-30) Hadi Ranjbar; Maryam Hatamizadeh; Hadi Ranjbar; Mansour Arab; Abbas Abbaszadeh; Athareh Ranjbar; Jila Soltanahmadi
Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 100 patients with acute coronary syndrome in Kerman hospitals were assessed by measuring their neck circumference and risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The data were analyzed by student t-test, Man-Whitney U test, χ2 and Pearson and Spearman correlation tests.
Comparing the effects of using Earplugs and eye masks on sleep quality of patients in coronary care unit (CCU)
(Brieflands, 2013-06-30) Mansour Arab; Fatemeh Mashayekhi; Hadi Ranjbar; Farokh Abazari; Eshagh Dortaj
Background: Sleep disturbance depends on factors such as noise and light in cardiac care unit (CCU). It can lead to acute coronary syndrome in some patients. This study was designed to compare the effect of using eye mask and earplugs in improvement of sleep in CCU patients.
A Team-Based E-Learning Method for Clinical Education in the COVID-19 Pandemic
(Brieflands, 2021-09-30) Sedighe Sadat Hashemikamangar; Mehrzad Gholampourdehaki
Background: Following the emergence of the new coronavirus pandemic, e-learning seemed to be the first and best alternative to classroom-based medical education. The Learning Management System (LMS) is a key infrastructure requirement for the provision and progression of e-learning. Objectives: This brief report is about a team-based e-learning method for clinical education in the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A novel e-learning protocol was implemented for the instruction of knowledge-based part of practical operative dentistry course to third- and fourth-year dental students in NAVID LMS, and their satisfaction levels were evaluated. Results: More than 90% of the students mentioned that the method encouraged them to learn new topics and created a joyful learning experience for them. More than 80% reported that the method decreased their anxiety for learning practical topics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: Implementation of such a team-based e-learning method can greatly help in the instruction of clinical topics.
Effect of Moderate Swimming Exercise on Weight Gain in High Fat Diet Rats
(Brieflands, 2016-03-30) Fatimah Riahi; Simin Riyahi
Purpose: Obesity is one of the most common problems in the world. Imbalance between energy consumption and expenditure is a main factor in weight disorder. Exercise helps losing weight by increasing energy expenditure and modulation of the energy intake. The present study examined protective effects of daily moderate aerobic exercise on preventing weight gain in high fat diet rats. Materials and Methods: Male wistar rats weighing 200 ± 20 grams were randomly divided into 4 groups of five rats as follow: Normal (cont), Normal and exercise (Ex), sedentary and high fat diet (HFD/sed) and exercise and high fat diet (HFD/Ex). High fat diet (HFD) was made by adding 10% animal oil to the standard rodent chow. Exercise protocol consisted of swimming for 1 hr/day, 5 days/week for a period of 8 weeks. Weight gain was calculated according to weight of each rat in the initiation of exercise and food intake was measured in a certain day each week. Results: Moderate swimming exercise increased the food intake in control group, which was significant in the first (P = 001), third, fourth, fifth (P = .05) and eighth weeks (P = .001). Moderate swimming exercise decreased the food intake in HFD/Ex group, which was significant in the first and third weeks (P = .001). HFD decreased the food intake in the first, second, third, (P = .001) fourth and fifth weeks (P = .05) in comparison with the control group. There was a gradual increment of weight gain in all groups during the experiment without any significant difference. Conclusion: Findings of this study indicated that moderate swimming exercise without any calorie restrictions was not sufficient to prevent weight gain.
Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Factors Among Primary School Students in Tehran
(Brieflands, 2023-12-31) Minoo Shaddel; Mohammad Hossein Hajali; Hamidreza Karbalaei-Musa; Behzad Narimany Eslami; Mohamad Mohsen Homayoni
Background: Parasitic infections in children can negatively impact their growth, health, nutrition status, and cognitive development. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate intestinal parasitic infection and its relationship with the nutritional status of primary school students in Tehran in 2020. Methods: The current study was conducted on 250 samples collected by the available sampling method from 2 selected residential settlements in Tehran. The samples were tested using both direct and formalin ether concentration (sedimentation) methods. The nutritional status of participants was evaluated using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) questionnaire. The data were analyzed by the χ2 test. A significant level was considered 0.05. Results: Of the 250 student samples surveyed, 45 exhibited parasitic infection. In terms of nutrition, 18 cases were malnourished, 212 cases were exposed to malnutrition, and 20 cases had normal nutrition. The frequency of parasitic infection was higher in malnourished students (P < 0.05). It was also higher in students whose parents' education levels (especially the mother) were lower. Conclusions: It seems that parasitic infections are associated with students’ nutritional status and their parent education.
Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Continuous vs High-intensity Interval Swimming
(Brieflands, 2022-06-30) Fatemeh Heiat; Mohsen Ghanbarzadeh; Rouhollah Ranjbar; Manzar Banoo Shojaeifard
This article does not have an abstract.
Relationship Between Mid-upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) and Body Mass Index (BMI) in Children Aged 6 - 12 Years: A Cross-sectional Study
(Brieflands, 2022-06-30) Banafshe Dormanesh; Zahra Sadat Asadi; Hossein Dini Talatappeh; Shahrzad Ebrahimi
Background: Obesity has become one of the most important health problems worldwide. Body mass index (BMI) is a clinical assessment of overweight and obesity in children, although mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) assessment is more straightforward, especially for parents. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between MUAC and BMI in children aged 6 - 12 years. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 455 elementary school children aged 6 - 12, including 278 girls and 177 boys with a mean age of 8.8 ± 1.8 years selected using the census method. Our researcher was trained for anthropometric data collection. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 25 software using Mann-Whitney, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: The mean age was 9.19 ± 1.8 years, the mean height was 135 ± 12 cm, the mean weight was 31.85 ± 11 kg, the mean MUAC was 21 ± 3.1 cm, and the mean BMI was 17 ± 3.6 kg/m2. There was a significant correlation between MUAC and BMI in both sexes, but it was stronger in girls than in boys (P-value < 0.05). The MUAC cutoff point was 23.75 cm (77% sensitivity and 80% specificity) and 24.75 cm (93% sensitivity and 88% specificity) for overweigh and obesity in girls, respectively. Also, it was 23.25 cm (88% sensitivity and 83% specificity) and 25.25 cm (87% sensitivity and 90% specificity) for overweigh and obesity in boys, respectively. Conclusions: We recommend MUAC as a predictor of early diagnosis of overweight and obesity.
Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients with atherosclerotic plaques
(Brieflands, 2013-09-03) Farhad Lahmi; Mohammad Rostami Nejad; Ehsan Nazemalhosseini Mojarad; Hossein Godarzi; Hossein Ahmadi; Hossein Dabiri
Background: Previous studies showed that microbial infection such as Chlamydia pneumoniae is contributed to the development of atherosclerosis. This study evaluated the prevalence of C. pneumoniae in atherosclerotic plaques by PCR and immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and also it examined the correlation of disease severity and the presence of this bacterium. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study sixty four specimens, thirty three plaques in case group and thirty one plaques in control group were assessed in Tehran University of Medical Sciences affiliated hospitals. The plaques was assessed by PCR nor IFA method. The data was analyzed by SPSS and t-test and fisher exact test was used. Results: Out of 33 case specimens, C. pneumoniae DNA and antigen were found in 6 (18%) and 7 (21%) of endarterectomy specimens, respectively. While none of control specimens was positive for C. pneumoniae either by neither PCR nor IFA method. Conclusion: Respect to remarkable presence of C. pneumoniae in atherosclerotic tissues and its absence in healthy vessels supports the hypothesis that C. pneumoniae may play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis, especially in regions where infection is frequent but the exact mechanisms for high prevalence of atherosclerotic vascular disease are not fully understood.
Repeated Training Creates Spatial Memory in an Adult Male Rat Model of Testosterone-Induced Spatial Learning Impairment
(Brieflands, 2019-03-31) Azadeh Gholaminejad; Nasser Naghdi; Hamid Gholamipour-Badie; Mohammad Nasehi
Background: Memories are primarily defined as the fragmentary or partial reconstruction of what were actually experienced at the time of acquisition. Spatial learning is assessed through repeated trials and reference memory is assessed by the measurement of latency in finding a concealed platform preference for the platform area when the platform is not present. Our daily experience, as well as learning experiments performed in animal studies, has enabled us to know that the formation of long-lasting memory needs repeated practice. Objectives: Our study aimed to investigate the effect of repeated training on spatial learning impairment, which was induced by the administration of testosterone in young adult rats. Methods: Cannula were bilaterally implanted into the Cornu Ammon (CA1) region of the hippocampus while testosterone (Testosterone Enantate, Aburaihan Pharmaceutical Company, Tehran) was daily microinjected for 3 minutes in each side. In this study, twenty-four male adult rats were divided into three groups as follows: the control group that received no treatment, the sham group that received DMSO as a drug solvent, and the treatment group that received testosterone at a dose of 80 μg/0.5 μL DMSO/each side injected into the CA1 before each session. Results: The results showed that the bilateral administration of testosterone into the CA1 region significantly increased the escape latency and the distance traveled by rats compared with the control and sham groups in the acquisition test. However, in the probe test (retrieval) there was no difference between the treatment group and other groups considering the escape latency and traveled distance. Conclusions: It seems that intra CA1 microinjection of testosterone causes the impairment in spatial learning. Repeated training enhances spatial learning in the Morris water maze (MWM) task, which leads to repeated long-term potentiation (LTP), spinogenesis, increased spine density, and spontaneous generation of new spines, resulting in the improvement of spatial memory in retrieval test.
Effects of oral vitamin C supplement on the serum lipid profile
(Brieflands, 2015-02-28) Mojgan Mohajeri-Iravani; Ebrahim Hazrati; Shahram Firuz-Marani Firuz-Marani
Purpose: Ascorbic acid has protective effects against coronary heart disease. These effects are attributed to its antioxidant properties and its relation to plasma lipids. This study investigated the effects of supplementing one gram of vitamin C per day on the serum serum lipoproteins of healthy 18 to 55 years old individuals in Iran.
Investigating the Possible Ameliorating Impact of Black Seed (Nigella sativa) Hydroethanolic Extract on Liver and Brain Tissue in a Rat Model of Polycystic Ovary
(Brieflands, 2024-06-30) Maasoume Abdollahi; Seyed Mahdi Mirghazanfari; Mozhgan Mehri
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, which may affect various organs, including the brain and liver. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the potential ameliorating effects of black seed (Nigella sativa) hydroethanolic extract on the liver and brain tissues in a rat model of polycystic ovary. Methods: In this experimental study, eighteen female rats were divided into three groups: Control (PCO rats on day 0 after induction of PCO), vehicle (PCO rats receiving saline via gavage for 28 days), and black seed extract (BSE) (PCO rats receiving BSE via gavage for 28 days). Polycystic ovary was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg/kg estradiol valerate. Liver tissue was evaluated for the average number of damaged hepatocytes (segmented nucleus and cytoplasm shrinkage), number of Kupffer cells, and number of lipid droplets, while brain tissue was assessed for vacuolization, apoptosis, and cell shrinkage. Results: In the BSE group, liver weight significantly decreased, while brain weight increased compared to the vehicle and control groups. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the number of damaged hepatocytes and Kupffer cells in the BSE group compared to the vehicle group in the liver tissue. In the brain tissue, there was a significant reduction in the number of vacuolations in the BSE group compared to the vehicle group. Conclusions: Black seed extract demonstrated potential ameliorating effects on the adverse impacts of PCO in the liver (reducing damaged hepatocytes and Kupffer cells) and brain (reducing vacuolations). Further histologic and molecular analyses are needed to investigate the protective effects of BSE thoroughly.
The Effect of Systemic Delivery of Bisphosphonates on Trabecular and Cortical Bone Mass of Ovariectomized Rats
(Brieflands, 2018-12-31) Mohammad Hossein Shahrezaee; Mostafa Shahrezaee; Ahmad Oryan; Seyed Akbar Kamali; Saeed Sajadi; Hesam Eskafian
Background: Bisphosphonates are one of the most important drug families, which inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone loss due to osteoporosis and other disorders. However, the impact of different members of this family of drugs on the various cortical and trabecular bone mineral density wasn’t investigated. Objectives: In this study the therapeutic effects of bisphosphonates in Ovariectomized (OVX) female rats was assessed, for eight weeks, and these effects were compared on trabecular and cortical bones. Methods: Thirty adult female rats (225 + 25 g) were divided to five equal groups [Sham, the untreated OVX rats (negative control), and the OVX rats treated with zoledronic acid, alendronate, and risedronate]. The effectiveness of these treatments after eight weeks was comprehensively evaluated by in vivo and in vitro analysis. Results: Systemic delivery of zoledronic acid, alendronate, and risedronate had statistically significant effects on serum parameters in comparison to the untreated OVX animals. Moreover, administration of zoledronic acid, alendronate, and risedronate increased expression of osteogenic genes (OCN, ALP, and Col1), bone mineral density (BMD), and biomechanical performance of the OVX-induced osteoporotic bones in comparison with the untreated OVX rats (P < 0.05). However, different analyses showed that trabecular BMD significantly increased in zoledronic acid- and risedronate-treated animals in comparison to those of the alendronate-treated group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: It was concluded that zoledronic acid, alendronate, and risedronate sufficiently improved OVX-induced osteopenia. Moreover, it was found out that zoledronic acid and risedronate considerably improved the regeneration of trabecular bones in comparison to the alendronate.

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