Gene, Cell and Tissue

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In Collaboration with Zahedan University of Medical Sciences

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The aim of the Gene, Cell, and Tissue (GCT) is to increase knowledge, stimulate research and promote scientific communication among basic and clinical medical sciences investigators in the fields of genetics, cell biology, and histology. All manuscripts shall be peer-reviewed and selection will be based on the strength of quality, originality, and contribution to knowledge.

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Now showing 1 - 20 of 350

Association of Leptin Receptor Gene Gln223Arg and lys109Arg Polymorphisms with Obesity and Overweight in an Iranian Young Population
(Brieflands, 2017-07-31) Fereshteh Farzam; Sanaz Mahmazi; Javad Nasseryan
Background: Obesity is an energy imbalance disorder that happens due to deficiency of energy intake and consumption. Leptin is an important hormone that regulates energy expenditure. Leptin through its receptors located in the hypothalamus regulates appetite and energy consumption. Objectives: In this study we tried to determine the association of leptin receptor (LEPR) gene polymorphisms (rs1137101), Lys223Arg and Gln109Arg (rs1137100), with overweight and obesity. Methods: We examined the two polymorphisms in 240 subjects consisting of obese, overweight, low-weight, and normal weight (as control) subjects among students of Zanjan Islamic Azad University. For Genotyping, we used PCR-RFLP. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test and chi-square test to show any significant difference between the groups. Results: There was no significant difference in allelic and genotypic frequency of Gln109Arg polymorphism (by A > G substitution) between our study groups. In Lys223Arg polymorphism by A > G substitution, the frequency of AG genotype was higher in the normal group, and the frequency of AA genotype was higher in the obese and overweight groups; but, there was no significant difference in GG genotype and allelic frequency (P < 0.05). Conclusions: In our population, Lys223Arg polymorphism of LEPR gene was associated with obesity; Gln 223 of leptin receptor gene was located in the extra cellular part of receptor and substitution of Glu by Arg in this position might affect leptin signaling. Lys/Arg heterozygote might have protective effects.
Standardization of Molecular Diagnostic of the entC and ent E Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Human Infections in Zabol
(Brieflands, 2017-10-31) Khadije Rezaie Keikhaie; Gholamreza Bagheri; Atefeh Kamali; Saphora Bazi; Zahra Shahi; Fereshteh Javadian
Background: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important causes of hospital infections around the world. It has been found in various studies, that 15% - 18% of the Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from different sources are capable of producing enterotoxin. The aim of this study is identifying Staphylococcus aureus, types C and E, which produce Enterotoxin, from human Infections in Zabol by PCR. Methods: The present study was conducted on 60 urine samples in a 1-year period. Samples were randomly collected from different parts of the city of Zabol and transferred to the university lab in a minimum period of time by maintaining cold conditions. DNA extraction was performed and PCR was done for enterotoxin E and C. Results: The results of this study showed that isolated S. aureus was resistant to antibiotics including cefazolin (7.3%), doxycycline (12.10%), erythromycin (22.3%), rifampin (9.7%), ciprofloxacin (18.10%), and Co-trimoxazole (14.5%). The results of this study showed that the prevalence of enterotoxin E gene in S. aureus samples was 1.5%. Conclusions: Regarding the importance of S. aureus secretes, 2 types of toxins with super antigen activity, enterotoxins, of which there are 6 antigenic types (named SE-A, B, C, D, E and G). In case of expression of enterotoxin genes, rapid treatment of the infection seems to be necessary.
Can Fusion Proteins Be Considered a New Candidate for Tuberculosis Vaccine?
(Brieflands, 2018-07-31) Sepehr Navid; Masoud Keikha
This article does not have an abstract.
Analysis of HLA-A*03 in Multiple Sclerosis Patients in Khuzestan Province, Iran
(Brieflands, 2018-07-31) Hamid Galehdari; Maryam Mohaghegh; Nastaran Majdinasab; Saeid Reza Khatami; Mahshid Hosseini Behbahani
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is known as chronic inflammatory causes demyelination and results in neurodegenerative disease in central nervous system (CNS), which is known with progressive disability. MS is accepted and is a multifactorial disorder that is a result of genetic and environmental factors interaction. The set of genes coding for MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules exert the effect on disease development. HLA-A*03 (HLA-A3) is one of HLA class I alleles, which is associated with MS. Objectives: Our goal is to survey the frequency of this allele in MS patients from the Khuzestan province. Methods: HLA-A*03 alleles association was investigated in 200 MS patients in the province of Khuzestan then compared with 195 healthy controls. HLA-typing was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with SSP-PCR method. Results: Frequency of HLA-A*03 was significant among MS patients (47% vs. 26%, P < 0.001). There was no significant correlation among this allele and sex, course of disease, initial symptoms, and expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Conclusions: Our findings suggested that HLA-A*03 allele has a significant association with MS, which is in line with other studies, and also confirmed that the presence of this allele could increase the risk of MS. Furthermore, positive association between the HLA-A*03 allele and the Arab population in the province of Khuzestan was found. CIS patients followed up for three years demonstrated that all patients were converted to RRMS.
Evaluation of Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Shirazi Thyme) Hydro Alcoholic Extract Effect on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine IL-6 Different Transcript Variants Expression Level in Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
(Brieflands, 2018-10-31) Afsaneh Nazari; Sanaz Mahmazi; Zeinab Sahraian
Background: Cytokines are an important factor in immune regulation. IL-6 is a cytokine with various biological activity. Splice variants of IL6, by interaction with dissimilar receptors (IL6-R and gp130), activate distinct signal transduction for regulating multiple biological processes. Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora), in traditional medicine, is used as an anti-inflammatory agent. Objectives: In this study, the effect of Shirazi thyme hydro alcoholic extract, on the expression level of two different IL6 variants in human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), were studied. Methods: MSCs where cultured and treated in seven groups by two doses of 50 µgmL-1 and 100 µgmL-1 in three different times 2 hours, 16 hours, and 24 hours. RNA was extracted from harvested cells and cDNA was synthesized. IL6 mRNA level was evaluated by real-time qRT-PCR. 2-∆∆Ct was used for IL6 gene expression fold changes and statistically analyzed by t-test. Results: Treatment with Shirazi thyme extract significantly reduced IL6 mRNA variant1 at all doses, and all the time, excepted in 50 µgmL-1 treatment after 16 hours, however, IL6 mRNA variant2 had increased level in all studied doses and times. Conclusions: Blocking IL6 signals or reducing its expression could be a theraptic approach for some inflammatory, malignant, or autoimmune diseases. Increased IL6 mRNA variant 2, also by increasing the sensitivity of cells to insulin and increasing the absorption of glucose and lipid metabolism, might be prevented adipose tissue expansion.
Evaluation of Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Shirazi Thyme) Hydro Alcoholic Extract Effect on Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine IL-6 Different Transcript Variants Expression Level in Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
(Brieflands, 2018-10-31) Afsaneh Nazari; Sanaz Mahmazi; Zeinab Sahraian
Background: Cytokines are an important factor in immune regulation. IL-6 is a cytokine with various biological activity. Splice variants of IL6, by interaction with dissimilar receptors (IL6-R and gp130), activate distinct signal transduction for regulating multiple biological processes. Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora), in traditional medicine, is used as an anti-inflammatory agent. Objectives: In this study, the effect of Shirazi thyme hydro alcoholic extract, on the expression level of two different IL6 variants in human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), were studied. Methods: MSCs where cultured and treated in seven groups by two doses of 50 µgmL-1 and 100 µgmL-1 in three different times 2 hours, 16 hours, and 24 hours. RNA was extracted from harvested cells and cDNA was synthesized. IL6 mRNA level was evaluated by real-time qRT-PCR. 2-∆∆Ct was used for IL6 gene expression fold changes and statistically analyzed by t-test. Results: Treatment with Shirazi thyme extract significantly reduced IL6 mRNA variant1 at all doses, and all the time, excepted in 50 µgmL-1 treatment after 16 hours, however, IL6 mRNA variant2 had increased level in all studied doses and times. Conclusions: Blocking IL6 signals or reducing its expression could be a theraptic approach for some inflammatory, malignant, or autoimmune diseases. Increased IL6 mRNA variant 2, also by increasing the sensitivity of cells to insulin and increasing the absorption of glucose and lipid metabolism, might be prevented adipose tissue expansion.
Diabetes and the Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Critical Review
(Brieflands, 2023-01-17) Mehran Kamani; Abbas Mohammadi
Context: In the last few years, humanity has faced one of the most twisted pandemics in history. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on people’s lives during its outbreak, especially on people with underlying diseases such as diabetes. This study reviewed diabetes care during the COVID-19 outbreak to facilitate diabetes management during the coronavirus outbreak and promote the survival of these patients in this global pandemic. Methods: This work was done as a study on diabetes and coronavirus. Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched on January 20, 2021. Results: Studies demonstrated that diabetes is not the leading cause of comorbidity or ultimate cause of mortality or morbidity of COVID-19 disease, as mentioned above. Conclusions: This review study concluded that with the peak of the coronavirus, diabetes management is critical. Besides, providing conditions to maintain the health of diabetic patients by informing them and communicating effectively with healthcare personnel is of great importance.
cGMP Phosphodiesterases (cGMP PDEs) As Therapeutic Targets in Cancer
(Brieflands, 2017-04-30) Ramin Saravani; Hamid Reza Galavi
This article does not have an abstract.
Establishment of a Novel Muscle Cell Line From Wallago attu for In Vitro Study of Pesticide Toxicity
(Brieflands, 2015-01-01) Akhilesh Dubey; Mukunda Goswami; Kamalendra Yadav; Amit Mishra; Ashvini Kumar
Background: Fish cell lines are advantageous alternatives to mammalian cell lines for carrying out in vitro research. They are used extensively for the study of fish biology, physiology and toxicology, and more recently for germplasm conservation of important fish species. Objectives: The present study aims to establish and characterize a novel fish cell line from muscle tissue of Wallago attu catfish, while evaluating its potential as an in vitro system for toxicity testing. Materials and Methods: Explant culturing method was used for the establishment of a cell line in Leibovitz-15 medium with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The resulting cell line was characterized for optimal growth parameters, authenticity, stability, cellular morphology and revival efficiency. The conformity of the cell line for applied studies was established by using gene transfection and cytotoxicity studies against the organophosphate pesticides chlorpyrifos and malathion. Basic fibroblast growth factor was supplemented at 10 ng/mL concentration. The origin of the cell line was authenticated using homology analysis of amplified gene sequences of 16S rRNA and mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene. Cytotoxicity assessment of the pesticides was assayed by using methylthiazol tetrazolium assay (MTT) and neutral red uptake. Results: The resulting muscle cell line was designated as Wallago attu Muscle (WAM) and was maintained for over 50 passages at optimal growth temperature of 28°C. Chromosomal analysis confirmed the stability of the cell line. The cells exhibited fibroblastic morphology with good transfection and revival efficiencies. Conclusions: The established muscle cell line designated as WAM presented the stability while possessing good transfection and revival efficiency. These characteristics confirmed through cytotoxicity assessment of the pesticides using methylthiazol tetrazolium assay and neutral red uptake support the availability of this cell line as an in vitro system for toxicity evaluation of aquatic pollutants.
Effect of Interval Training and Curcumin on BAX, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 Enzyme Activity in Rats
(Brieflands, 2022-10-31) Narges Kashani Vahid; Farah Nameni; Bahareh Yazdanparast Chaharmahali
Background: Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death in extracellular organisms. High-intensity interval training and curcumin can make some changes in this process. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the role of intense interval training with curcumin supplementation on BAX and Bcl-2 proteins and caspase-3 enzyme activity in rats. Methods: In this study, 48 elderly rats were randomly divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) training, (3) curcumin, and (4) training + curcumin. Then, high-intensity interval training group rats ran on the treadmill for eight weeks, five sessions per week, for 30 - 50 min, and curcumin was fed to the supplement group at 25 mg/kg of body weight three times per week for eight weeks. Gene expression levels of BAX and Bcl-2 and myocardial caspase enzyme were measured in the heart tissue. The Shapiro-Wilk test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey test were used for data analysis. Results: Curcumin consumption and intense interval training increased the expression of BAX (P = 0.001), Bcl-2 (P = 0.002), and caspase (P = 0.001). Besides, BAX, Bcl-2, and caspase genes expression significantly changed in the groups compared to the control group. The ratio of BAX to Bcl-2 in the curcumin group and interval training was significantly lower than the other groups. The Tukey post hoc test confirmed a significant difference between the groups and the control group. Conclusions: High-intensity interval training did not reduce BAX protein, but the training and curcumin supplementation increased Bcl-2 protein expression and neutralized the BAX effect. Curcumin supplementation combined with intense interval training resulted in synergy and reduced cell programming mortality.
The Role of Potassium Channel Gates in the Electrophysiology of the Human Gastric Smooth Muscle Cell
(Brieflands, 2022-10-31) Hossein Taghadosi; Farhad Tabatabai Ghomsheh; Nader Jafarnia Dabanloo; Aydin Farajidavar
Background: The cell membrane acts as a filter, allowing ions to enter and leave the cell. Ionic channels are responsible for passing ions. This task is the responsibility of the ion channel gates, and ion transfer generates the action potential. Potassium channels play a prominent role in gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells and slow-wave production. Potassium channels are involved in acid secretion and gastric contraction. Gastric functional problems such as reflux disease and motility disorder are classified as electrophysiological disorders. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of potassium channel gates on the electrophysiology of the human gastric smooth muscle cells. Methods: Three states were considered for the potassium channels gate (Including physiological state, 50% blockage, and 90% blockage) to investigate the effect of the status of the gates, and a slow-wave diagram was obtained in these three states. Then, the value and the time of action potential were compared at five indicator points (initial potential, maximum spike potential, minimum valley potential, maximum plateau potential, and resting potential) in slow-wave. Results: The results showed that the maximum effect of the activation parameter of the potassium channel gate (τd,Kni) was in 90% blockage compared to the physiological state, so that the maximum spike potential decreases by 2.43%. Also, a 90% blockage in the fast potassium channel gate inactivation parameter (τf,Kfi) increased the maximum spike potential by 12.6% compared to the physiological state, while the minimum valley potential increased by 3%. In addition, the τf,Kfi parameter reduced the time of occurrence of the maximum plateau potential by 7.9%. Conclusions: Potassium channels affect the slow-wave of the human gastric smooth muscle cell in spike, valley, and plateau phases. Using this method and blocking ion channels by pharmacological agents, the effect of ions in different phases of the slow-wave can be investigated. Also, it can help improve the contractile and motility disorders of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.
Increasing Serotonin Level Due to Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease
(Brieflands, 2020-06-07) Azam Asemi Rad
This article does not have an abstract.
Unilateral Kidney Agenesis in a Child with Fraser Syndrome: A Case Report
(Brieflands, 2017-10-31) Zahra Metanat; Seyed Mehdi Tabatabaei; Martin Zenker; Yousef Shafeghati
We report a 6-year-old girl with multiple congenital anomalies compatible with Fraser syndrome (cryptophthalmos, syndactyly, and craniofacial abnormalities) and multiple urogenital abnormalities including unilateral renal agenesis resulting from mutations in the FRAS1 gene Exon58:C. 8698G-T (homozygous). The parents were heterozygous for the same mutation.
A Review of Medicinal Plants in Alzheimer's Treatment and Memory Enhancement
(Brieflands, 2024-07-31) Atefeh Asadi-Rizi; Leila Amjad; Mehrdad Shahrani; Hossein Amini-Khoei
Context: The purpose of this study is to review the effectiveness of medicinal plants on memory and learning in both human and animal models. Material and Methods: Various electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library, were searched for randomized controlled trials published between 2010 and 2023. Results: The studies focused on thirty different herbs, including Bacopa monnieri, Polygonum odoratum, Morus alba, Ginkgo biloba, Salvia officinalisL., Rosmarinus officinalisL., Melissa officinalis, Panax ginseng, Saraca asoca, Polygala tenuifolia, Boswellia papyrifera, Boswellia serrata, and Aegle marmelos. Conclusions: The inclusion criteria were adults, participants with cognitive impairment, and healthy participants, without age or gender restrictions. The studies were assessed for risk of bias using the Cochrane tool for randomized trials, and the findings were synthesized narratively.
Effect of Aerobic Training and Vitamin D Consumption on NFATc1 Gene Expression in Bone Tissue of Rats Exposed to H₂O₂
(Brieflands, 2020-10-31) Nasrin Hajavifard; Hasan Matinhomaee; Seyed Ali Hosseini
Background: Increased reactive oxygen species disrupt the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Although the role of training (T) and vitamin D (VD) consumption in bone health has been shown, there is no accurate information on the role of these two interventions on the nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), as an osteoclast marker. Objectives: Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of T and VD on NFATc1 gene expression in bone tissue of rats exposed to H2O2. Methods: Fifty adult male Wistar rats aged 8 - 10 weeks and weighing 180 to 220 g were randomly assigned to 10 groups including (1) control (C), (2) dimethyl sulfoxide + normal saline (sham; Sh), (3) 1 mmol/kg H2O2 (1H), (4) 1H+VD, (5) 1H+T, (6) 1H+VD+T, (7) 2 mmol/kg H2O2 (2H), (8) 2H+VD, (9) 2H+T, and (10) 2H+VD+T. The research protocol lasted eight weeks to implement. The levels of NFATc1 gene expression were measured by qRT-PCR. Results: Based on the results, 1H and 2H significantly increased NFATc1 gene expression levels (P = 0.001). However, T (P = 0.001), VD (P = 0.001), and VD+T (P = 0.001) reduced NFATc1 gene expression in the bone tissue of rats exposed to 1 and 2 mmol H2O2. Also, NFATc1 gene expression was significantly lower in the 1H+VD+T group than in the 2H + VD group (P = 0.03). Conclusions: It seems that T and VD consumption both alone and synergistically have a reducing effect on NFATc1 as an osteoclast index in rats exposed to 1 and 2 mmol/kg H2O2.
Seminal Plasma Levels of Heavy Metals (Lead, Cadmium and Arsenic) and Oxidative Status in Asthnozoospermic Men
(Brieflands, 2025-01-31) Mehran Dorostghoal; Fahimeh Izadi; Mojdeh Gholami; Saleh Zahraei
Background: Recent evidence suggests a decline in sperm quality due to exposure to environmental toxicants. Several studies have reported the adverse effects of heavy metals on human reproductive efficiency. Objectives: This study analyzed the seminal levels of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, and arsenic) and oxidative status, evaluating their relationships with sperm parameters in men from Ahvaz, southwest Iran. Methods: Semen quality, seminal lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activity were assessed in 100 men attending the Narges Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Laboratory in Ahvaz, southwest Iran. Sperm concentration, motility, and normal morphology were analyzed following the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2010). Seminal levels of lead, cadmium, and arsenic were determined using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: Higher seminal levels of lead and cadmium were observed in asthenozoospermic men compared with normozoospermic individuals. Seminal levels of lead, cadmium, and arsenic exhibited significant negative correlations with sperm concentration, total motility, and normal morphology. Additionally, higher concentrations of seminal lead and cadmium were associated with increased seminal levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Conclusions: The findings suggest an association between sperm quality and seminal oxidative status with seminal levels of lead and cadmium in men from Ahvaz, southwest Iran.
Association Study of TNF-α -308 G/A (rs1800629) and -863 C/A (rs1800630) Polymorphisms with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the Iranian Lor Population
(Brieflands, 2022-05-15) Zeynab Mashayekh; Mahsa Rafieian; Seyed Reza Kazeminezhad
Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors; studying the association between regulatory genes and this disease may determine the genetic causes of interfering with SLE. In different populations, studies have shown that the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) gene (as a candidate gene) can contribute to the formation and progression of lupus disease. Objectives: This study aimed to indicate the possible association between the increased rate of SLE hazard and 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of rs1800629 and rs1800630 genetic polymorphisms in the TNF-α promoter gene in the Lor population. Methods: According to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria, 120 unrelated SLE patients and 120 healthy controls with no family or personal history of autoimmune diseases were selected. DNA was genotyped for the TNF-α promoter (-308 G/A and -863 C/A) by the tetra-primer amplification-refractory mutation system (tetra-primer ARMS)–polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results: The frequency difference between allele A (mutant allele) and allele C (normal allele) at position -863 of the TNF-α promoter gene (odds ratio [OR] = 3.426; 95% CI, 1.985 - 5.914) was notably higher in SLE patients than in control subjects. Also, a significant relation was obtained among the rs1800830 AA genotype and increased risk of SLE (OR = 4.489; 95% CI, 2.464 - 8.177; P < 0.0001). Our results for rs1800629 at position -308 were not remarkably different. Conclusions: We found a significant correlation between allelic and genotype frequencies between rs1800830 (-863 C/A) TNF-α SNP and SLE in our study. However, no significant correlation was observed between the rs1800629 (-308 G/A) TNF-α promoter and the increase of SLE hazard in the Lor population. No remarkable association was obtained between TNF-α gene rs1800629 (-308 G/A) and rs1800630 (-863 C/A) SNPs and anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) or antinuclear antibody (ANA), which are some of the symptoms of SLE.
Association of the Effect of SLC6A4 Gene Polymorphisms on the Risk of Diabetes‏
(Brieflands, 2022-08-07) Khadijeh Haghighat; Fariba Mahmoudi
Context: The SLC6A4 gene encodes the serotonin transporter. Mutations in this gene can lead to various diseases, such as diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic disorders with a genetic background. This review study evaluated the role of SLC6A4 gene polymorphisms in the risk of diabetes. Evidence Acquisition: In this review article, a literature search was conducted in scientific databases, including Google Scholar and PubMed, to find studies published within 2000 to 2021 on the role of SLC6A4 gene polymorphisms on the risk of diabetes. Results: Some genetic and environmental factors are involved in the development of diabetes. Additionally, the association between diabetes and disorder in different genes has been investigated in numerous studies. The discovery of these genetic changes in diabetes might shed light on the functional role of genetic mutations in the development of diabetes. Conclusions: Further genomic research is needed to determine the possible role of SLC6A4 gene polymorphisms in diabetes and obesity.
A Literature Review on Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia, Community-Acquired Pneumonia, and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
(Brieflands, 2022-04-30) Pedram Bolboli Zade; Abbas Farahani; Mohammadreza Riyahi; Ali Lalabadi; Ali Salimi Asl; Sobhan Montazerghaem
One of the most dangerous respiratory diseases is pneumonia, one of the ten leading causes of death globally. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is a common infection in hospitals, which is the second most common nosocomial infection and causes inflammation parenchyma. In community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), we have various risk factors, including age and gender, and also some specific risk factors. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the deadliest nosocomial infections. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, VAP is pneumonia that develops about 48 hours of an artificial airway. Bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and other microorganisms can cause these diseases. This review article discusses microbial agents associated with pneumonia. Our goal is to gather information about HAP, CAP, and VAP to give people specific information. In this study, these three issues have been examined together, but in similar studies, each of them has been examined separately, and our type of study will be more helpful in diagnosis and treatment.
Frequency of Cytolethal Distending Toxin Genes in Escherichia coli Isolates from Bovine Mastitis in Tabriz City in 2020
(Brieflands, 2023-04-30) Saman Mahdavi; Masoumeh Salimi; Jafar Rahmani Kahnamoei
Background: Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) gene is one of the important virulence factors in Escherichia coli isolated from different human and animal sources strains. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of CDT genes in E. coli isolates from bovine mastitis in Tabriz City (East Azarbaijan province) in 2020. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, after isolation and biochemical and molecular identification of 100 E. coli from bovine mastitis, the frequency of cdt-I, cdt-III, and cdt-IV genes was assessed by PCR method. Results: Of a total of 100 tested E. coli samples, 94 isolates were confirmed as E. coli by PCR test. Of the 96 E. coli isolates, none had the cdt-I, cdt-III, and cdt-IV genes. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the frequency of the cdt gene in E. coli isolates from cow mastitis is very low, like the other animal sources in past studies.

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