Investigating the Incidence of Adverse Blood Transfusion Reactions: A Retrospective Single-Center Study

Abstract

Background: This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the frequency and type of transfusion reactions (TRs) occurring in patients referred to the blood bank of our institute. Hemovigilance is developed to improve the protection and efficacy of blood transfusions. Objectives: Identifying the adverse reactions helps implement necessary measures to mitigate their occurrence and ensure safer transfusion practices. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis conducted on April 1, 2017. TRs related to the administration of blood components were identified based on clinical symptoms and laboratory data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, and means) to determine the distribution and characteristics of adverse TRs. Results: A total of 488 TRs were recorded. These occurred in patients aged 1 - 99 years (mean age: 49.1 years), including 229 (46.92%) males and 259 (53.07%) females. Packed red blood cells accounted for the highest proportion of reactions (358 cases, 73.3%), followed by platelets (86, 17.62%), fresh frozen plasma (42, 8.6%), and cryoprecipitate (2, 0.4%). The most common TR was an allergic reaction (35.45%), followed by a febrile non-hemolytic reaction (33.60%). Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) accounted for 1.22% of all TRs. Conclusions: Blood transfusion, though vital in clinical care, may lead to adverse reactions, especially in critically ill patients. Many reactions are underreported due to overlapping symptoms with underlying diseases. Early detection and prompt management of acute TRs (ATRs) can minimize complications, but preventive strategies are essential for patient safety.