Evaluation of the Effect of a Virtual Reality Simulator in Preclinical Endodontic Training on the Competency of Undergraduate Dental Students

Abstract

Background: Educational simulators are valuable tools in dental education as they provide realistic learning environments that improve performance, ensure patient safety, and enhance critical thinking. Virtual reality (VR) simulators, in particular, enable students to practice in a safe, interactive environment, offering opportunities for deliberate practice, immediate feedback, and microlearning. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using a VR simulator (DentaSim) in preclinical endodontic training on the competency of undergraduate dental students. Methods: This comparative case-control study involved 39 fourth-year undergraduate dental students randomly assigned to a VR group (n = 20) or a control group (n = 19). Both groups participated in three sessions of practical exercises in access cavity preparation for maxillary central teeth. Assessments were conducted using standardized weighted checklists. Critical criteria included perforation, gouging, and canal accessibility. All pre- and post-tests were performed on resin typodont teeth. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests, with significance set at P < 0.05. Results: The VR group showed greater overall improvement and higher pass rates than the control group. In the first session, the VR group improved significantly in all criteria, while the control group improved in five. Between-group comparisons showed significantly better performance in the VR group in both post-tests across most criteria. Critical error rates decreased significantly in the VR group after the first session, indicating improved safety of performance. However, further reduction was not observed with continued conventional training. Conclusions: Training with a VR simulator can enhance the effectiveness of preclinical endodontic education, particularly in early sessions, by accelerating learning and reducing critical errors. While VR should be regarded as a complementary tool rather than a replacement for conventional training, its integration into curricula with clear objectives and faculty support may optimize learning outcomes.