Assessing Readiness for Hospital 5.0: Identifying and Prioritizing Key Indicators for the Future of Healthcare

Abstract

Background: The transition toward Hospital 5.0 represents a major shift in healthcare, integrating advanced digital technologies with human-centered, sustainable, and resilient approaches. Despite increasing global attention to this emerging concept, a practical framework for assessing hospital readiness for such transformation remains limited. Objectives: The present study aimed to identify and prioritize key indicators influencing hospital readiness for the transition to Hospital 5.0 and to design a practical model that can guide both policymakers and hospital managers. Methods: A mixed-methods design was employed. First, a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted to identify readiness and maturity indicators from Industry 4.0 and 5.0 contexts. Based on expert input, a conceptual framework for Hospital 5.0 readiness was then developed. Finally, decision-making techniques under uncertainty [grey best-worst method (GBWM)] were applied to prioritize the main and sub-dimensions of the model. Results: The final readiness model includes four main dimensions and twenty-six sub-dimensions. The most influential dimension was technological readiness (49%), followed by human-centric organizational development (23%), resilience (16%), and sustainability (13%). Experts emphasized that while technology is the key driver, the long-term success of Hospital 5.0 depends on the development of human skills, organizational culture, and staff engagement. The designed model allows hospital managers to assess each sub-dimension separately, helping them identify operational strengths and weaknesses more effectively. It also provides a roadmap for improvement planning and resource allocation based on priority areas. Conclusions: The model designed in this study offers a comprehensive and applicable tool for assessing readiness and guiding the transition toward Hospital 5.0. Although technological investment is essential, true transformation requires balanced attention to human, resilient, and sustainable aspects. The findings can assist health authorities in shaping national strategies and help hospitals apply the model as a self-assessment and strategic planning framework for future development.