The Effect of Square Step Exercise (SSE) on Cognition, Perceived Physical Literacy, and Communication Skills of the Elderly

Abstract

Background: As people age, many experience declines in cognitive function, motor skills, and communication abilities, which can substantially affect their quality of life. Simple, accessible exercises, such as the Square Step Exercise (SSE), have gained attention as effective methods for improving these abilities. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of SSE on cognition, perceived physical literacy, and communication skills in older adults. Methods: The study sample comprised 27 elderly women and men aged 60 - 70 years (M = 62.63, SD = 2.44) from a nursing home in Tabriz. Participants were selected purposively and assigned to two groups: experimental (N = 14) and control (N = 13). The experimental group participated in a 6-week SSE training program consisting of three sessions per week, with each session lasting 70 minutes, whereas the control group continued the daily physical activities provided by the nursing home. Data were collected using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Communication Skills Questionnaire, and the Senior Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (SPPLI). Results: The results showed that SSE had a positive effect on perceived physical literacy in older adults. The experimental group showed significant improvements in three perceived physical literacy subscales: Attitude toward physical activity (Pre: 17.79 ± 3.83; Post: 17.23 ± 3.09; P = 0.033), Ability to do physical activity (Pre: 12.93 ± 1.44; Post: 14.14 ± 1.35; P = 0.028), and Social aspects around physical activity (Pre: 5.00 ± 1.88; Post: 6.14 ± 1.75; P = 0.013). However, no significant changes were observed in cognitive function (P = 0.178) or communication skills (P = 0.144). Conclusions: Based on these results, SSE may be used to enhance perceived physical literacy in older adults. However, the short duration of the intervention and the absence of cognitive or social components may explain the lack of significant improvements in cognition and communication.