Analysis of Dietary Consumption Patterns Affecting Iron Absorption in Adolescent Girls

Abstract

Background: Adolescent girls are particularly vulnerable to iron deficiency anemia (IDA) due to the rapid growth experienced during adolescence and the onset of menstruation, both of which increase iron requirements. Dietary patterns — specifically, the consumption of foods that enhance or inhibit iron absorption — have a significant impact on hemoglobin (Hb) status. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the association between dietary patterns, specifically the intake of enhancers and inhibitors of iron absorption, and anemia status in adolescent girls. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted among 63 girls aged 13 - 15 years. The Hb levels were measured and classified as anemic or non-anemic according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Data on the frequency of consumption of enhancers (heme iron, non-heme iron, vitamin C, fructose) and inhibitors (tannins, polyphenols, calcium, phytates) of iron absorption were collected using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Associations between dietary intake and anemia status were analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: Overall, 41.3% of respondents were classified as anemic (22.2% mild, 14.3% moderate, 4.8% severe), while 58.7% had normal Hb levels. Consumption of dietary enhancers was significantly associated with anemia status (P < 0.001), with higher intake corresponding to a lower prevalence of anemia. In contrast, consumption of dietary inhibitors was not significantly associated with anemia status (P > 0.05), although more frequent consumption appeared to increase anemia prevalence. Conclusions: Intake of dietary enhancers plays a crucial role in improving Hb status among adolescent girls, whereas frequent consumption of inhibitors may still contribute to anemia risk. Strengthening nutrition education focusing on balanced dietary patterns and proper food timing is essential to prevent anemia in this vulnerable population.