Enhancing PTSD Management in Veterans: A Longitudinal Study of the Therapeutic Role of Psychiatric Service Dogs

Abstract

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains a significant mental health challenge among veterans, with traditional treatments often yielding mixed results. Emerging research suggests that psychiatric service dogs may serve as valuable therapeutic adjuncts. However, longitudinal studies examining their effectiveness in PTSD management remain limited. Objectives: This study investigates the impact of psychiatric service dog partnerships on PTSD symptoms, depression, social functioning, and overall health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among veterans, compared to usual care alone. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted with 190 veterans diagnosed with PTSD, comparing those paired with psychiatric service dogs (n = 95) to a waitlist control group (n = 95). Participants completed standardized assessments measuring PTSD severity, depression (PHQ-9), HRQoL, and social engagement at baseline, 1-month, and 3-month follow-ups. Difference-in-differences (DiD) regression analysis was applied to assess changes over time between groups. Results: Veterans with service dogs demonstrated significant reductions in PTSD symptom severity at both 1-month (P = 0.002) and 3-month (P = 0.001) follow-ups, compared to the waitlist group. Depression scores improved more significantly in the service dog group (DiD Coef. = -3.07, P < 0.001), with corresponding increases in social participation and HRQoL measures. No significant differences were found at baseline between groups, confirming comparability. Conclusions: Findings suggest that psychiatric service dogs provide meaningful mental health benefits for veterans with PTSD, particularly in reducing symptom severity and improving overall well-being. These results support the potential integration of service dog partnerships as complementary interventions in PTSD treatment plans. Future research should explore long-term outcomes and optimize service dog training models for veteran-specific needs.