Phytochemical Profiling and Antibacterial Potential of <i>Terminalia chebula</i> from Southern Iran Against β-Lactam-Resistant Gastrointestinal and Nosocomial Pathogens
| Author | Mohammad Kordkatouli | en |
| Author | Aryan Sateei | en |
| Author | Hadi Koohsari | en |
| Orcid | Mohammad Kordkatouli [0009-0006-3008-6820] | en |
| Orcid | Aryan Sateei [0000-0001-6810-6790] | en |
| Orcid | Hadi Koohsari [0000-0002-0676-2546] | en |
| Issued Date | 2025-12-31 | en |
| Abstract | Background: The global rise of β-lactam-resistant bacteria significantly threatens public health, limiting treatment options and increasing morbidity and mortality. Nosocomial and gastrointestinal pathogens are particularly concerning in high-density environments such as military settings. Natural products, including Terminalia chebula, have shown antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, making them promising alternatives or adjuncts to conventional antibiotics. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition, antibacterial activity, β-lactamase inhibition, and antioxidant potential of T. chebula extracts against β-lactam-resistant gastrointestinal and nosocomial pathogens. Methods: Fruits of T. chebula were collected from Minab County, Iran, dried, powdered, and extracted using ethanol and propanol. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to identify bioactive compounds. Antioxidant activity was evaluated via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteriae, and Enterococcus faecalis was assessed by disk diffusion. β-lactamase activity was measured using the iodometric assay. Antibacterial effects were tested via well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Statistical analyses included analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests. Results: The GC-MS analysis was performed on the ethanolic extract, identifying major compounds including 1,2,3-benzenetriol, phenol, benzoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and D-limonene, accounting for over 80% of the extract. While the antioxidant activity was evaluated using the methanolic extract (IC50 = 0.1996 ± 0.017 mg), antibacterial activity, including disk diffusion, MIC, and MBC assays, was assessed using the ethanolic extract. The ethanolic extract exhibited dose-dependent antibacterial effects, with the highest activity against S. aureus (inhibition zone: 37.50 ± 2.64 mm; MIC: 1.56 mg/mL; MBC: 3.12 mg/mL). β-lactamase activity was highest in S. aureus and lowest in P. aeruginosa. Overall, the ethanolic extract demonstrated stronger antibacterial activity than the propanolic extract. Conclusions: Terminalia chebula contains bioactive compounds with significant antibacterial, β-lactamase inhibitory, and antioxidant properties. The results support its potential as a natural alternative or adjunct therapy for β-lactam-resistant infections. Further in vivo studies and clinical trials are recommended to explore practical applications in clinical and high-risk environments. | en |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.69107/jamm-166321 | en |
| URI | https://brieflands.com/journals/jamm/articles/166321 | en |
| Keyword | Antibiotic Resistance | en |
| Keyword | Antioxidant | en |
| Keyword | β-Lactamase | en |
| Keyword | GC-MS | en |
| Keyword | Iran | en |
| Keyword | <i>Terminalia chebula</i> | en |
| Publisher | Brieflands | en |
| Title | Phytochemical Profiling and Antibacterial Potential of <i>Terminalia chebula</i> from Southern Iran Against β-Lactam-Resistant Gastrointestinal and Nosocomial Pathogens | en |
| Type | Research Article | en |
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