A Comparative Analysis of Anxiety Sensitivity and Distress Tolerance Across Age Groups in Cigarette-Dependent Men

Abstract

Background: Although the association between cigarette smoking and mental health is well established, the specific theoretical and empirical links among cigarette dependence, anxiety sensitivity (AS), and distress tolerance (DT) remain poorly delineated across developmental stages. Objectives: This study investigated the relationships among cigarette smoking, anxiety sensitivity, and distress tolerance among nicotine-dependent male smokers across different age groups. Methods: In this comparative cross-sectional study, 278 male smokers were recruited through convenience sampling in Tehran, Iran, during the summer of 2024. Participants completed the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised (ASI-R). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), and Bonferroni post hoc comparisons in SPSS version 26. Results: MANCOVA revealed significant between-group differences in anxiety sensitivity (F = 19.234, P < 0.001) and distress tolerance (F = 28.189, P < 0.001). Smoking intensity and duration were significant covariates of anxiety sensitivity (F = 32.070, P < 0.001; F = 7.268, P = 0.007) and distress tolerance (F = 40.894, P < 0.001; F = 7.266, P = 0.007), respectively. Bonferroni post hoc comparisons indicated significant age-group differences in anxiety sensitivity and distress tolerance, with most effect sizes ranging from medium to large (P < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings reveal significant age-related differences in anxiety sensitivity and distress tolerance, indicating that psychological assessments and smoking cessation interventions for nicotine-dependent men should be tailored to specific age groups. Further research is needed to corroborate these findings and explore the underlying mechanisms.