Enhancing Coaching Practices and Futsal Shooting Skills Through Teaching Games for Understanding-Based Pedagogical Content Knowledge

AuthorBehzad Mohammadi Orangien
AuthorBehrouz Ghorbanzadehen
OrcidBehzad Mohammadi Orangi [0000-0002-5023-8776]en
OrcidBehrouz Ghorbanzadeh [0000-0002-9524-0140]en
Accessioned Date2026-07-14T18:10:12Z
Issued Date2025-11-30en
AbstractPurpose: The aim of this study was to examine whether integrating Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) within a pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) framework improves coaching behavior and futsal shooting performance (accuracy, retention, and transfer) in fourth-grade male students. Methods: Thirty-eight healthy fourth-grade boys (mean age = 10.16 ± 1.16 years) with no prior formal futsal training were randomly assigned to a control group (traditional instruction) or an experimental group (TGfU-based PCK instruction) (n = 19 each). The study followed a sequential randomized controlled design. First, the control group completed ten 90-minute sessions of traditional technique-based instruction. The teacher then participated in a validated 6-hour TGfU workshop focused on developing PCK. Subsequently, the experimental group received ten 90-minute sessions of TGfU-based instruction delivered by the same teacher. Futsal shooting accuracy was assessed using a validated 35-shot protocol at four time points: pretest, posttest, 24-hour retention, and 48-hour transfer (with modified performance conditions). Coaching behavior was systematically coded from video recordings across three dimensions (language use, instructional delivery, and appropriateness) by two independent raters (inter-rater agreement > 90%). Data were analyzed using a 2 × 4 repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) (α = 0.05), and partial eta squared (ηp²) was calculated as an index of effect size. Results: A significant group × test interaction was found for shooting accuracy (P = 0.001, ηp² = 0.51), along with a significant main effect of test stage (P = 0.001, ηp² = 0.96). Although no significant between-group difference was observed at pretest (P > 0.05), the experimental group demonstrated significantly higher shooting accuracy at posttest, retention, and transfer stages compared with the control group. Observational analysis further indicated qualitative improvements in coaching behavior following the workshop, including increased use of analogies, visual signs, and constraint manipulation, and reduced inappropriate instructional actions. Conclusion: The findings indicate that integrating TGfU within a PCK framework can enhance both instructional quality and short-term motor learning outcomes in elementary school students. However, given the limited sample size and single-teacher design, the results should be interpreted with caution. Further randomized studies with larger and more diverse samples are recommended to confirm and extend these findings.en
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5812/jmcl-164356en
URIhttps://brieflands.com/journals/jmcl/articles/164356en
URIhttps://repository.brieflands.com/handle/123456789/68004
KeywordEducation Workshopsen
KeywordStudentsen
KeywordPerformanceen
KeywordMotor Skillsen
KeywordLearning and Teachingen
PublisherBrieflandsen
TitleEnhancing Coaching Practices and Futsal Shooting Skills Through Teaching Games for Understanding-Based Pedagogical Content Knowledgeen
TypeResearch Articleen

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