Anti-inflammatory Effects of <i>Avicennia marina</i> on Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema in Rats

Abstract

Background: Inflammation is a protective response to harmful stimuli; however, chronic activation contributes to various diseases. Although NSAIDs are effective, their long-term use is associated with adverse effects. Avicennia marina, a mangrove plant rich in bioactive compounds, has been traditionally used for inflammatory conditions but lacks sufficient experimental validation. Objectives: To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of A. marina in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats and compare its efficacy with indomethacin. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. Three groups received A. marina extract (200, 400, 600 mg/kg), while controls received indomethacin (10 mg/kg) or saline. Inflammation was induced by subplantar injection of carrageenan (1%, 100 μL). Paw volume was measured over 5 hours. Serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and IL-6 were also assessed. Results: Avicennia marina extract showed a dose-dependent reduction in paw edema, MDA, and IL-6 levels, with 400 mg/kg showing the most consistent reduction across all markers. Although indomethacin showed greater efficacy, the extract demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusions: Avicennia marina extract at 400 mg/kg shows the most favorable profile, attenuating acute inflammation in rats and may serve as a potential plant-based alternative to NSAIDs.