Psychosocial Stresses and Its Social Determinates: A Population-Based Survey in Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Background: Psychosocial stress has become a significant public health concern globally, particularly in urban environments characterized by fast-paced lifestyles, technological overload, and social isolation. Objectives: This study aimed to assess psychosocial stress and its social determinants among adults in Tehran, Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 involving residents of Tehran aged 18 years and older. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 among 1,008 adult residents of Tehran using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. The sample size was determined based on an expected 80% stress prevalence, a 95% confidence level, 10% relative error, and a 15% anticipated dropout rate. The primary outcome was psychosocial stress, measured using a standardized questionnaire on stressful events. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were employed for data analysis. Results: Of the study participants, 50.6% were male, 36.4% were married, and 41.0% held a bachelor's degree. Approximately half (49.5%) were employed, while 18.2% were unemployed. The findings revealed that 45.6% of participants experienced at least one severe economic stressor, 32.3% at least one severe family-related stressor, 28.8% at least one severe health-related stressor, and 25.7% at least one severe stressor related to the future. Higher levels of social interaction were significantly less likely to experience psychosocial stress (P < 0.001, OR = 0.48). Conclusions: To reduce the mental health burden in urban Iran, policymakers should implement a dual strategy: Alleviating economic stress through macroeconomic reforms and enhancing psychological resilience through targeted interventions that promote well-being and social support. Addressing psychosocial stress is essential not only for individual health but also for strengthening community resilience and fostering long-term social development.