A Comparison of Time Perspective Dimensions Between Elite and Non-elite Taekwondo Athletes

Abstract

Background: The theory of Zimbardo’s time perspectives (TP) has attracted considerable attention in fields such as education and health; however, its role in athletic performance remains underexplored. Objectives: This study aimed to compare TP dimensions between elite and non-elite Taekwondo athletes. Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study purposively sampled 300 male Taekwondo athletes in Tehran, including 105 elite (with national team experience) and 195 non-elite athletes. The TP were assessed using Zimbardo’s Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). Data were analyzed via multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) using SPSS 26 (α = 0.05). Results: Significant differences emerged between elite and non-elite athletes across several TP dimensions. Elite athletes scored significantly higher in past-positive (PP), present-hedonistic (PH), and future (F) dimensions, while non-elite athletes scored higher in present-fatalistic (PF) and past-negative (PN) dimensions. Conclusions: These findings underscore the practical relevance of TP theory in sports. Psychological interventions promoting a balanced TP may enhance athletes’ focus, motivation, and mental resilience. Coaches and sport psychologists can leverage these insights to support performance and long-term development, especially in competitive disciplines like Taekwondo.