Living in the Shadow of Fear and Threat: A Descriptive Phenomenological Exploration of Life Experiences of Male Adolescents with Fathers Diagnosed with Paranoid Personality Disorder

Abstract

Background: Having a parent with paranoid personality disorder (PPD) can interfere with the formation of constructive parent-child interactions and the child's future development. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of male adolescents with fathers diagnosed with PPD. Methods: Using a descriptive phenomenological approach, this qualitative study was conducted in Tehran’s schools in 2024. Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 16 adolescents, which continued until data saturation was achieved. Data analysis was performed using Colaizzi's seven-step content analysis method. Results: Data analysis revealed 21 primary categories, 6 subthemes, and two main themes: (1) Mentally distressing experiences and (2) emotionally distressing experiences. Conclusions: Research has shown that sons of fathers with PPD experience mentally and emotionally distressing situations, which can lead to a decrease in the quality of the parent-child relationship, feelings of emotional deprivation, fear, and anger in the sons. Additionally, the findings can contribute to a better understanding of the supportive and psychological needs of adolescents with a parent diagnosed with PPD and provide insights into psychological and social strategies for supporting these adolescents.