Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review from Diagnosis to Survivorship

Abstract

Context: Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent malignancy among women worldwide and represents a major public health concern. In 2020, approximately 2.3 million new cases were reported globally. Despite advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, BC remains a complex disease with significant clinical and survivorship challenges. Objectives: This study aims to provide an overview of BC by summarizing its biological hallmarks, major risk factors, diagnostic approaches, treatment modalities, and the long-term needs of BC survivors. Data Sources: Relevant information was obtained from previously published scientific literature, epidemiological reports, and clinical studies addressing BC biology, diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship. Study Selection: Studies focusing on the incidence, molecular characteristics, risk factors, diagnostic methods, treatment strategies, and survivorship issues related to BC were considered. Data Extraction: Key data regarding BC hallmarks, associated risk factors, diagnostic tools, treatment options, and post-treatment needs were extracted and synthesized narratively. Results: Breast cancer is characterized by six major hallmarks, including evasion of programmed cell death, unlimited proliferative capacity, enhanced angiogenesis, resistance to growth-inhibitory signals, self-sufficiency in growth signaling, and metastatic potential. Identified risk factors include female sex, increasing age, family history, estrogen exposure, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, high-fat diet, and lifestyle factors. Diagnosis relies on physical examination, imaging techniques — particularly mammography — and tissue sampling, with image-guided core needle biopsy playing a central role. Treatment typically involves a multimodal approach combining surgery, chemotherapy (CT), radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormonal therapy, with more advanced disease requiring more intensive treatment. Survivors often face ongoing physical, psychological, and long-term health challenges. Conclusions: Although significant progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of BC, it remains a multifaceted disease requiring comprehensive management. In addition to effective therapeutic strategies, addressing the long-term physical and emotional needs of BC survivors is essential to improve overall outcomes and quality of life.