Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review from Diagnosis to Survivorship
| Author | Thuy Trang Nguyen | en |
| Author | Hamidreza Galavi | en |
| Author | Mohammadamin Norouzi | en |
| Author | Ramin Saravani | en |
| Orcid | Hamidreza Galavi [0000-0003-0650-2741] | en |
| Orcid | Mohammadamin Norouzi [0009-0008-5833-3883] | en |
| Orcid | Ramin Saravani [0000-0003-1941-3617] | en |
| Issued Date | 2026-01-31 | en |
| Abstract | Context: Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent malignancy among women worldwide and represents a major public health concern. In 2020, approximately 2.3 million new cases were reported globally. Despite advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, BC remains a complex disease with significant clinical and survivorship challenges. Objectives: This study aims to provide an overview of BC by summarizing its biological hallmarks, major risk factors, diagnostic approaches, treatment modalities, and the long-term needs of BC survivors. Data Sources: Relevant information was obtained from previously published scientific literature, epidemiological reports, and clinical studies addressing BC biology, diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship. Study Selection: Studies focusing on the incidence, molecular characteristics, risk factors, diagnostic methods, treatment strategies, and survivorship issues related to BC were considered. Data Extraction: Key data regarding BC hallmarks, associated risk factors, diagnostic tools, treatment options, and post-treatment needs were extracted and synthesized narratively. Results: Breast cancer is characterized by six major hallmarks, including evasion of programmed cell death, unlimited proliferative capacity, enhanced angiogenesis, resistance to growth-inhibitory signals, self-sufficiency in growth signaling, and metastatic potential. Identified risk factors include female sex, increasing age, family history, estrogen exposure, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, high-fat diet, and lifestyle factors. Diagnosis relies on physical examination, imaging techniques — particularly mammography — and tissue sampling, with image-guided core needle biopsy playing a central role. Treatment typically involves a multimodal approach combining surgery, chemotherapy (CT), radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormonal therapy, with more advanced disease requiring more intensive treatment. Survivors often face ongoing physical, psychological, and long-term health challenges. Conclusions: Although significant progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of BC, it remains a multifaceted disease requiring comprehensive management. In addition to effective therapeutic strategies, addressing the long-term physical and emotional needs of BC survivors is essential to improve overall outcomes and quality of life. | en |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.5812/gct-165824 | en |
| URI | https://brieflands.com/journals/gct/articles/165824 | en |
| Keyword | Breast Cancer | en |
| Keyword | Risk Factors | en |
| Keyword | Diagnosis | en |
| Keyword | Treatment | en |
| Publisher | Brieflands | en |
| Title | Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review from Diagnosis to Survivorship | en |
| Type | Review Article | en |
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